Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spring 2004
Introduction
While the 3 6-step inverter offers simple
control and low switching loss, lower order
harmonics are relatively high leading to
high distortion of the current wave (unless
significant filtering is performed).
PWM inverter offers better harmonic control
of the output than 6-step inverter.
PWM Principle
The dc input to the inverter is chopped
by switching devices in the inverter. The
amplitude and harmonic content of the ac
waveform is controlled by the duty cycle
of the switches. The fundamental voltage
v1 has max. amplitude = 4Vd/ for a
square wave output but by creating
notches, the amplitude of v1 is reduced
(see next slide).
PWM Techniques
Various PWM techniques, include:
Sinusoidal PWM
The most common PWM approach is
sinusoidal PWM. In this method a
triangular wave is compared to a
sinusoidal wave of the desired
frequency and the relative levels of the
two waves is used to control the
switching of devices in each phase leg
of the inverter.
Vd
2
for m >1.
V01
full
bridge
-Vd
V01 = 4 Vd
where
and
an
bn
v(t ) cos(nt )d (t )
0
v(t )sin(nt )d (t )
0
v(t ) bn sin n t
n 1
where
bn
v(t )sin(nt )d (t )
0
K
bn
1 2 (1) cos n K
n
K 1
Fundamental:
b1
5th Harmonic:
4
b5
(1 2cos51 2cos5 2 2cos53 ) 0
5
7th Harmonic:
4
b7
(1 2cos 71 2cos 7 2 2cos 73 ) 0
7
Space-Vector PWM
Space vector PWM is an advanced,
computationally intensive technique that
offers superior performance in variablespeed drives. This technique has the
advantage of taking account of interaction
among the phases when the load neutral
is isolated from the center tap of the dc
supply. Space vector PWM can be used to
minimize harmonic content of the threephase isolated neutral load.
This approach is discussed in detail in the
textbook.
dt
L
where 0.5Vd is the applied dc voltage,
Vcmsinet is the opposing load counter EMF,
and L = effective load inductance.
Similarly, with the lower switch closed, the
negative current slope is given by:
dt
L
R2
HB V
R1 R2
Upper switch on: (i*-i) >HB
Lower switch on: (i*-i) <-HB
One control ckt used per phase.
e v dt va 0 dt
*
a0
Output Ripple
The output ripple may be defined as the
difference between the instantaneous
value of the current/voltage compared to
the value of the fundamental frequency
component.
Consider the load to be an ac motor.
i0 +
Single - +
Phase v0
Inverter -
vL = vL1 + vripple
+
e0 = 2E0 sint
-
1
iripple (t ) vripple ( )d k
L0
constant