Integrated Electronics

Lecture-11-13
Pulse and Switching Circuits

Contents

Pulse and switching circuits

Types of Multivibrators
Multivibrators Designing
Types of Comparators
Zero Level Detector
Nonzero Level Detector
Schmitt Trigger
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Pulse and Switching Circuits

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit
that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic
signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.
There are two types of Oscillators
Sinusoidal
Non sinusoidal

Multivibrator generates non sinusoidal waves.

Types of Multivibrators
1. Bistable Multivibrators
2. Astable Multivibrators
3. Monostable Multivibrators
Bistable: two stable states switched over from
one stable state to the other by the
application of an external trigger pulse thus, it
requires two external trigger pulses before it
returns back to its original state.
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Types of Multivibrators
Astable: in which the circuit is not stable in
either stateit continually switches from one
state to the other. It functions as a relaxation
oscillator.
Monostable: In a monostable multivibrator, one
of the state is absolutely permanent i.e, stable
and the other one is temporary state. When an
external trigger pulse is applied to the monostable at appropriate point, the mono-stable
changes it state from stable state to temporary
state.
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Designing of Multivibrators
There are three methods of designing any
Multivibrators.
By using Op-amp
By using 555 timer IC
Using discrete component like transistor

By using Op-amp
Operational amplifiers are used as comparators
to compare the amplitude of one voltage with
another.
Op-amp is used in the open-loop configuration,
with the input voltage on one input and a
reference voltage on the other.
Comparator is a type of op-amp circuit that
compares two input voltages and produces an
output in either of two states indicating the
greater than or less than relationship of the
inputs.
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Types of Comparator
Zero level detector
Non zero level detector
Schmitt Trigger/Comparator with Hysterices

Zero-Level Detector
Op-amp used as a comparator
is to determine when an input
voltage exceeds a certain level.
Whenever voltage on noninverting terminal is greater
than the voltage on inverting
terminal than the output of
op-amp would be positive and
vice versa.
Reference is set to zero and
compares with respect to set
zero reference.
Figure shows Zero Level
Detector.

Zero-Level Detector
741 IC open loop voltage
gain is 1 lac.
Output will not exceed Vcc.
Output will be square.
When the sine wave is
positive, the output is at its
maximum positive level.
When the sine wave crosses
0, the amplifier is driven to
its opposite state and the
output goes to its maximum
negative level.
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Nonzero Level Detector

Reference is set to non
zero voltage.
Reference is always DC
To detect positive and
negative voltages by
connecting a fixed
reference voltage
source to the inverting
input.
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Nonzero Level Detector

Find reference voltage
using voltage divider.
By using voltage divider
we can change
reference voltage by
changing the values of
resistor.

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Nonzero Level Detector

By using zener diode we
can set the reference
voltage because zener
diode have specific
voltage levels (VREF = VZ).
If Vin is less than VREF,
the output remains at the
maximum negative level.
If input voltage exceeds
the reference voltage, the
output goes to its
maximum positive
voltage.
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Nonzero Level Detector

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Nonzero Level Detector Example

Example: The input signal in figure is applied to
the comparator circuit. Draw the output
showing its proper relationship to the input
signal. Assume the maximum output levels of
the op-amp are 12.

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Nonzero Level Detector Example

Solution:
The reference voltage is set by R1 and R2 as
follows:
=

2
1.0
(+V)=
1 :2
8.2:1.0

+15

VREF = 1.63

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Nonzero Level Detector Example

Shown in figure, each
time input exceeds
+1.63V, the output
voltage switches to its
+12V level, and each
time the input goes
below +1.63V, the
output switches back to
its -12V level, neglecting
hysteresis.
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Nonzero Level Detector Example

Example: Determine the reference voltage in
figure if R1 = 22K and R2 = 3.3K .

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Effects of input noise on comparator

operation
In many practical
situations, noise
appears on the input
line.
This noise voltage
superimposed on the
input voltage shown in
figure.

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Schmitt Trigger
Figure shows the input
sine wave plus noise and
the resulting output.
When sine wave
approaches 0, the
fluctuations due to noise
cause the total input to
vary above and below 0
several times, thus
producing an erratic
output voltage.

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Schmitt Trigger
In order to make the
comparator less sensitive
to noise, a technique
incorporating positive
feedback, called
hysteresis, can be used.
Uses op-amp in +ve
feedback configuration
Using Schmitt trigger we
have two reference
voltages
VUTP = Upper trigger point
VLTP = Lower trigger point
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Schmitt Trigger
Two type of Schmitt trigger
Inverting Schmitt trigger
Non Inverting Schmitt trigger.

Schmitt trigger converts analog signal to

digital signal.

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Schmitt Trigger Operation

The operation of the
comparator with
hysteresis shown in
figure.
Assume that the output
voltage is at its positive
maximum, +Vout(max).
The voltage feedback to
the non-inverting input
is VUTP and is expressed
as:
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Schmitt Trigger Operation

When Vin exceeds, Vout(max).
The voltage feedback to
the non-inverting input
is VLTP and is expressed
as:

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Schmitt Trigger Operation

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Schmitt Trigger
Comparator with hysteresis is also known as
Bistable Comparator.
Operated in two stable states either +ve or
ve (Saturation).
Hysteresis because it has dual threshold
action.
Hysteresis voltage is calculated as:
VH = VUTP - VLTP
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Example
Determine the upper and lower trigger points
for the comparator circuit in figure. Assume
that +Vout(max) = +5V and Vout(max) = -5V

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Example

Example: Calculate the upper and lower

trigger points for the circuit shown in figure
below. Assume the maximum output voltage
levels of op-amp are 7.
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Example
Determine the switching
threshold and hysteresis for
the following circuit.
Assume that Vcc = 10 and
VEE = -10
2
10 9.1
VUTP =
=
= 9.01
1 :2
9.1:1

10 9.1
VLTP = 2 =
=1 :2
9.1:1

9.01
Hystersis VH = VUTP-VLTP = 9.01(-9.01)
VH = 18.02

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END OF LECTURE-11-15

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