MACHINING PROCESSES AND

MACHINE TOOLS:
By : Umesh Kumar Mishra

CONFIGURATION OF BASIC MACHINE TOOLS AND

THEIR USE

Centre lathes (Turning Machine, Mother of Machine Tool)

Fig. in next slide shows the general configuration of center lathe. Its
major parts are:
Head stock: it holds the blank and through that power and rotation
are transmitted to the job at different speeds
Tailstock (Loose headstock): supports longer blanks and often
accommodates tools like drills, reamers etc for hole making.
Carriage : accommodates the tool holder which in turn holds the
moving tools
Bed : headstock is fixed and tailstock is clamped on it. Tailstock
has a provision to slide and facilitate operations at different
locations
carriage travels on the bed
Columns : on which the bed is fixed
work-tool holding devices
Feed rod and lead screw

WORK HOLDING ON LATHE

Chucks

Three-jaw chuck

(Self centering, Universal chuck)

Four-jaw chuck (independent jaw)

Centers (Live centre and Dead centre)

Faceplates

Rests
Steady rest
Follower rest

Mandrels

Lathe dogs

Size of Lathe

Specified by Maximum diameter of the workpiece

(swing) that can be machined, the maximum distance
between tailstock and headstock centres and the length of
the bed.

Operating Conditions in a Lathe

Cutting speed
Feed

Material Removal Rate (MMR)

Depth of cut
Rough cutting
Finishing cutting

OPERATIONS ON LATHE

uses of center lathes Centre lathes are quite versatile being used
for various operations:

facing, centering, drilling, recessing and parting

thread cutting; external and internal
knurling.

Some of those common operations are shown in Fig. in next

slide. Several other operations can also be done in center lathes
using suitable attachments.

OPERATIONS ON LATHE
Turning
Facing
Knurling
Grooving
Parting
Chamfering
Eccentric turning
Taper turning
Thread cutting

Reamer

Machining Time
t

Lj
fN

Manufacturing Time =

min

Machining time + Set-up time +

moving and waiting time +
Inspection time

Numerical
Calculate the time required to machine a workpiece 170
mm long, 60 mm diameter to 165 mm long, 50 mm
diameter. The workpiece rotates at 440 rpm, feed is 0.3
mm/rev and maximum depth of cut is 2 mm. Assume
total approach and over travel distance as 5 mm for
turning operation.

Shaping machine
Fig. in next slide shows the general configuration of
shaping machine. Its major parts are:
Ram: it holds and imparts cutting motion to the tool
through reciprocation
Bed: it holds and imparts feed motions to the job
(blank)
Housing with base: the basic structure and also
accommodate the drive mechanisms
Power drive with speed and feed change
mechanisms. Shaping machines are generally used for
producing flat surfaces, grooving, splitting etc. Because
of poor productivity and process capability these
machine tools are not widely used now-a-days for
production.

Planing machine
The general configuration is schematically shown in Fig (next slide).
This machine tool also does the same operations like shaping machine
but the major differences are:
o In planing the job reciprocates for cutting motion and the tool moves slowly for
the feed motions unlike in shaping machine.
o Planing machines are usually very large in size and used for large jobs and heavy
duty work.