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CHEMICAL DISASTERS
Chemical disasters are occurrence of
emission, fire or explosion involving one or
more hazardous chemicals in the course of
industrial
activity
or
storage
or
transportation or due to natural events
leading to serious effects inside or outside
the installation likely to cause loss of life
and property including adverse effects on
the environment.
CHARECTERESTICS
Chemical accidents may be classified by
Chemicals involved,
Sources of release
Extent of the contaminated are
Number of people exposed,
Routes of exposure an
Health and medical consequences.
Pipelines, and
Transportation (road-, rail -, air- & waterways)
Trigger Mechanisms
Process and Safety Control System Failures:
Technical errors such as design defects, fatigue
and metal failure, corrosion etc.;
human
errors
namely
neglecting
safety
instructions, deviating from specified procedures;
lack of information i.e., absence of emergency
warning procedure, non-disclosure of line of
treatment etc.,
organizational errors viz. non-conductance of
mock drills. etc for ensuring state of quick
response and preparedness, poor emergency
planning and co-ordination etc.
Trigger
Natural calamities
The Indian sub-continent highly prone
to natural disasters
These events trigger Chemical
disasters. For e.g., Release of acrylonitrile at Bhuj,
Terrorist attacks/Sabotage
Release
TYPE
Gas release
Liquid release
Two-phase flow
CAUSE
- Leakage
- Vent
- Rupture
Consequences of Chemical
Disasters
Failures
Design / equipment/ system
Operability (human or management
failure):
KSA
M or E (Management/ organizational)
Information/feedback
Toxic effects.
Some effects (e.g. eye and respiratory irritation
or central nervous system depression) can occur
within minutes or hours
Other effects (e.g. congenital malformations or
cancers) may take months or years
Pathways of exposure
Public-health effects of
chemicals
Stress and anxiety
Deaths, Burns/injuries and illness
Societal and economic costs
Ignitability, inflammable
Explosion
Source of ignition
Inflammability
Fire scenarios
Jet Fire
Vapour cloud
Vapour cloud explosion
Pool fire
BLEVE
Fire Impacts
Heat wave (fire)
Fire lethality
Fire burns
Core zone
Impact zone
Buffer zone
Impacts..
MCA
Maximum credible accident
PRA
ALARP
Thank you
Lesson:
Managing a disaster like a chemical accident
is not a charity or a welfare, BUT its our
prime duty, its our accountability, and ITS
the basic fundamental right of a person,
organization, society or state.