INTERNAL

FORCE CONVECTION
Prepared by
Nurhaslina
FKK, UITM

FLOW CONDITIONS FOR INTERNAL FLOW

For an internal flow, it must be concerned with the existence of

entrance and fully developed regions.
Consider laminar flow in a circular tube, fluid enters the tube with a
uniform velocity
When the fluid makes contact with the tube surface, viscous effects
become important. Boundary layer develops with increasing x

 Boundary layer development occurs at the expense of a shrinking

flow region and concludes with boundary layer merger at the
centerline
The distance from the entrance at which this condition is achieved is
hydrodynamic entry length, xfd , h

The fully developed velocity profile is parabolic for laminar flow in a

circular tube. For turbulent flow, the profile is flatter.

The Reynolds number for flow in a circular tube is defined as

um = mean velocity
umD umD
Re D =
=
D = tube diameter

In a fully developed flow, the critical Reynolds number is:

* Laminar 2300
ReD , C 2300
* Critical = 2300
* Turbulent 2300 ReD 10,000

Hydrodynamic entry length:

Laminar flow: x fd ,h / D 0.05 Re D
Turbulent flow:

10 xfd , h 60
D

Fully developed
turbulent flow:

Mean velocity, um

um Ac
m
m
um
Ac

m = mass flowrate
= fluid density
um = mean velocity
Ac = cross-sectional area of tube

x fd ,h / D 10

4m
Re D =
D
Ac = D2/4

VELOCITY PROFILE IN A PIPE

For laminar flow, constant property fluid in the fully developed
region of a circular tube (pipe):
2

r
1 dp 2

u( r )
r
1

o
4 dx ro

ro2 dp
um
8 dx

m
um
Ac

r
u( r )
2 1
um
ro

The maximum velocity is at r = 0, the centerline where u(0) = 2 um

Pressure Gradient and Friction Factor in Fully

Development Flow
Friction factor, f :
f = - (dp/dx)D
um2/2
Friction coefficient, Cf :
Cf = s
= f
um2/2 4
For fully develop laminar flow :
f = 64
ReD
Pressure gradient :
dp = - 64 um2
dx
ReD 2D

 For fully developed turbulent flow

f = 0.316 ReD-1/4
ReD 2 x 104
f = 0.184 ReD-1/5
ReD 2 x 104
f = (0.790 ln ReD 1.64)-2 3000 ReD 5 x 106
Pressure drop, P for fully developed flow
P = - P1P2 dp = f um2 x1x2 dx = f um2 (x2 x1)
2D
2D
L
Power, P = (P ) V

V = m/

Moody Diagram

THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS

If a fluid enters the tube at a uniform temp. that is less than the
surface temp. , convection heat transfer occurs and thermal
boundary layer develop.
If the tube surface condition is fixed (Ts is constant) or a uniform
heat flux (qs is constant), a thermally fully developed condition is
reached.
We can write Newtons Law of cooling
Thermal entry length:
inside a tube by considering a mean
temp. Tm instead of T
Laminar flow:
xfd , t = 0.05 ReDPr
D
q"x h(TS Tm )
Turbulent flow: 10 xfd , t 60
D

The Energy Balance

Considering perfect gas, or incompressible liquid:

c p dTm
dqconv m
By integrating:

c p (Tm,o Tm,i )
qconv m

Ts > Tm, heat is transferred to the

fluid and Tm increases with x
Ts < Tm, heat is transferred from
the fluid and Tm decreases with x

qconv is related to mean temperatures at inlet and outlet.

Combining equations:

dTm q s" P
P

h(Ts Tm )
dx
m c p m c p

where P = surface perimeter

= pD for circular tube,
= width for flat plate

Constant Surface Heat Flux

qconv qs" A qs" ( P L)
qs" const
Integrating equation:

Tm ( x) Tm,i

q s" P

x
m c p

where P = surface perimeter

pD for circular tube,
= width for flat plate

Constant Surface Temperature (Ts= constant)

dTm
d (T )
P

hT
dx
dx
m c p

Ts-Tm=T

Integrating from x to any downstream location:

Px
Ts Tm ( x)
exp
h
m c p
Ts Tm,i

For the entire length of the tube:

Ts Tm ,o
Ts Tm ,i

PL
To

exp
h
m c p
Ti

qconv h As Tlm

Tlm

To Ti
ln(To / Ti )

As is the tube surface area, As = PL = pDL

Uniform External Temperature

For heat transfer between fluid flowing over a tube and fluid passing through
the tube, replace Ts by T and h by U
U As
To T Tm ,o

exp
q = U As Tlm

Ti T Tm ,i
m c p
To T Tm ,o
=
= exp
Ti
T Tm ,i

1
m c p Rtot

Tlm
q=
Rtot

Summary (8.1-8.3)
We discussed fully developed flow conditions for cases involving
internal flows, and we defined mean velocities and temperatures
We wrote Newtons law of cooling using the mean temperature,
instead of T
"

q h(TS Tm )

Based on an overall energy balance, we obtained an alternative

expression to calculate convection heat transfer as a function of mean
temperatures at inlet and outlet.

c p (Tm,o Tm,i )
qconv m
We obtained relations to express the variation of Tm with length, for
cases involving constant heat flux and constant wall temperature

Tm ( x) Tm,i

q s" P

x
m c p

Ts Tm ,o
Ts Tm ,i

PL
To

exp
h
m c p
Ti

Summary (8.1-8.3)
We used these definitions, to obtain appropriate versions of Newtons
law of cooling, for internal flows, for cases involving constant wall
temperature and constant surrounding fluid temperature

q U As Tlm

qconv h As Tlm
Tlm

To Ti
ln(To / Ti )

We can combine equations (8.13-8.16) with (8.9) to obtain values of

the heat transfer coefficient (see solution of Example 8.3)
In the rest of the chapter we will focus on obtaining values of the heat
transfer coefficient h, needed to solve the above equations

Heat Transfer Correlations for Internal Flow

Knowledge of heat transfer coefficient is needed for calculations
shown in previous slides.

Correlations exist for various problems involving internal flow,

including laminar and turbulent flow in circular and non-circular
tubes and in annular flow.
For laminar flow we can derive h dependence theoretically

For turbulent flow we use empirical correlations

Recall from Chapters 6 and 7 general functional dependence

Nu f (Re, Pr)

Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

1. Fully Developed Region

For cases involving uniform heat flux:

hD
Nu D
4.36
k

qs" const

For cases involving constant surface temperature:

Nu D 3.66

Ts const

Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

2. Entry Region: Velocity and Temperature are functions of x
For constant surface temperature condition:
Thermal Entry Length case

Nu D 3.66

0.0668( D / L) Re D Pr
1 0.04[( D / L) Re D Pr]2 / 3

Combined Entry Length case (Temperature and velocity profiles develop

simultaneously)
1/ 3

Re Pr
Nu D 1.86 D
L/D

0.14

Ts const
0.48 Pr 16,700
0.0044

9.75
s

All properties, except s evaluated at average value of mean temperature

Tm

Tm ,i Tm ,o
2

Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes

For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions the Dittus
Boelter equation may be used for small to moderate temperature
differences Ts-Tm:
0.7 Pr 160

Nu D 0.023Re 4D/ 5 Prn

Re D 10,000

n=0.4 for heating (Ts>Tm)

and 0.3 for cooling (Ts<Tm)

L / D 10

For large property variations, Sieder and Tate equation:

4/5
1/ 3
Nu D 0.027 Re D Pr
s

0.14

0.7 Pr 16,700
Re D 10,000
L / D 10

All properties, except s evaluated at average value of mean temperature

Turbulent Flow in Circular Tubes

For large Reynolds number range, Gnielinski correlation:

Nu D

( f / 8)(Re D 1000) Pr
1 12.7( f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr2 / 3 1)

0.5 Pr 2000
3000 Re D 5 106

Friction factors may be obtained from Moody diagram etc.

For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat flux, Skupinski correlation:
Nu D =

0.827
4.82 + 0.0185PeD

q"s

= cons tan t

3.6 10 3 ReD 9.05 10 5

10 2 PeD 10 4

For fully developed turbulent flow in smooth circular tubes with constant
surface heat temperature, Seban and Shimazaki correlation:
0.8
Nu D = 5.0 + 0.025PeD

q"s = cons tan t

PeD 100

Example 1 (Velocity Profile & Pressure Gradient)

Fully developed conditions are known to exists for water
following through a 25 mm diameter tube at 0.01 kg/s and 27c.
what is the maximum velocity of the water in the tube? What is
the pressure gradient associated with the flow?

Example 2 (Moody Diagram & Pressure Drop)

What is the pressure drop associated with water at 27c
following with a mean velocity of 0.2 m/s through a 600 m
long cast iron pipe of 0.15 m inside diameter?

Example 3 (Thermal and Velocity Entry Length)

Determine the thermal and velocity entry lengths for oil, water
and mercury flowing through a 25 mm diameter tube with a mean
velocity and temperature of um = 5 mm/s and Tm = 27C,
respectively.

Example 4 - (Constant Surface Temperature &

Laminar Flow in Circular Tube
Engine oil at a rate of 0.02 kg/s flows through a 3 mm diameter tube
30 m long. The oil has an inlet temperature of 60C, while the tube wall
temperature is maintained at 100C by steam condensing on its outer
surface. Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient for internal flow
of the oil and determine the outlet temperature of the oil.

Example 6 - Problem 8.55 (Uniform External

Temperature & Turbulent Flow in Circular Tube
Example 7 - Problem 8.56 (Constant Surface
Temperature & Turbulent Flow in Circular Tube