1 1 03/08/10 1 1

ESI
(Lect 1)
2 2 03/08/10 2 2
Technology Advancements
Decade Technology
60s Mainframes
70s Mini Computers
80s Personal Computers
90s Internet and mobile phones
Source: IDC
00s Internet-enabled
Embedded appliances
Embedded devices now vastly outnumber
traditional computers.
Some of these are real-time systems.
3 3 3 3
Introduction
Embedded systems:
Increasingly being used in newer
applications.
Usually, real-time in nature.
According to a recent estimate:
The number of processors deployed in
real-time applications vastly
outnumber the total processors
manufactured world-wide.
4 4
Embedded Systems
Embedded system =
An information processing
system embedded into a
larger product.
Peter Marwedel
Two types of computing
General purpose
produced millions/year
Embedded billions/year
Automobiles, entertainment,
communication, aviation,
handheld devices, military
and medical equipments.
What is An Embedded System?
Computer-based controller: (Rough def)
Part of an embedding system
Controls the embedding system in some ways
An embedding system:
Can have multiple embedded systems
Embedding
System
Basic Model of an
Embedded System
Input
Interface
Output
Interface
Real Time
Computer
Input
Conditioning
Unit
Output
Conditioning
Unit
Human
Computer
Interface
Environment
7 7
Traditional
How is an Embedded System Any
Different from Traditional Systems?
Very difficult to
demarcate:
Roughly differ in some
characteristics
Is an air traffic
control system an
embedded system?
Embedded
8 8

95%
5%
95%
5%
General purpose
computers
(PCs, workstations,
mainframes)
General purpose
computers
(PCs, workstations,
mainframes)
Embedded systems
(portable phones, cam -
corders , washing mach.)
Embedded systems
(portable phones, cam -
corders
, washing mach.)
Embedded Systems
Dominate
More than 4 billion embedded processors sold each year
9 9 03/08/10 9 9
Why Surge in Embedded
Applications?
Trend of reducing cost of computers:
Processors
Memory
Flexibility due to Internet
Reducing power consumption
Reducing size
Increased:
Processing power
Hardware and software reliability
10 10 03/08/10 10 10
Examples
Set-top boxes,
mobile phones,
iPods, PDAs...
Modern cars: Up to
~100 processors:
Complex software
Engine & emissions
control,
Stability & traction
control,
Diagnostics,
Automatic
transmission

Automotive Embedded
Systems
Antilock brakes
Air bags
Keyless entry
Fuel injection
Climate control
GPS

11
Typical Automotive Embedded
Systems
Engine control 32-bit microcontroller
Fuel flow, fuel mixture, valve timing, throttle body
opening, spark timing
Transmission control 16-bit microcontroller
Audio system 16-bit microcontroller
Antilock braking 16-bit microcontroller
Up to fifty 8-bit microcontrollers for functions
of
Wiper control
Power window
Air Bags
13 13 03/08/10 13 13
Example: Automotive Applications
In 2005, 30-90 processors
per car
Engine control, Break
system, Airbag deployment
system
Windshield wiper, door locks,
entertainment systems
Example: BMW 745i
2,000,000 LOC
Window CE OS
Over 60 microprocessors
53 8-bit, 11 32-bit, 7 16-bit
Multiple networks
Source: Insup Lee, UPenn
14 14 03/08/10 14 14
MPFI: Multi-Point Fuel
Injection
ECU (Engine
Control Unit)
controls the timing
and amount of fuel
injected. :
Receive signal from
various sensors,
Process the signals
Send control
signals to the
actuators.
Automotive Use
continued
Up to fifty 8-bit microcontrollers for:
Wiper control
Electric Mirrors
Air Bags
Fuel pump
Speedometer
Security system
Climate control system
Power windows ..

Size of Automotive Applications
Sales of Microcontrollers
for automotive use:
$5.8 billion in 2006
$9.5 billion in 2010
16
17 17 03/08/10 17 17
Where Are the Embedded
Systems?
18 18
Product: Sonicare Elite
toothbrush.
Microcontroller: 8-bit
Has a programmable
speed control, timer,
and charger
19 19
Product: Any PC
Mouse,
Keyboard, or
USB Device

Microprocessor:
8-bit
Microcontroller
Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse
Optical Mouse
8-bit
microcontroller
PIC, Freescale
Optical sensor
LED