Chapter 1

I ntroduction
Understand the concept of a black box, a data processor, and
a programmable data processor.
Define the von Neumann model and name its components:
memory, arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, and input/output.
Understand the stored program concept.
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
OBJ ECTI VES
Understand the sequential execution of statements in a program.
Name the components of a computer: hardware, software,
and data.
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Definition
A computer is a machine that
manipulates data according to a list of
instructions.
Computer Science defines as issues
related to the computer
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1.1 THE COMPUTER AS A
BLOCK BOX
- Black box is a technical term for a
device or system or object
when it is viewed primarily in terms of
its input and output characteristics.
- Almost anything might occasionally
be referred to as a black box:
a transistor, an algorithm, humans, the
Internet.

Figure 1-1
Data processor model
- A computer acts as a black box that
accepts input data, processes data and
creates output
- Problem : does not specify type of
processing / operations
Figure 1-2
Programmable data processor model
-A program : is a set of instructions; what the
computer should do
-Todays understanding : a set of instructions
written in a computer language
-Output data : consist of input and the
program
Figure 1-3
Same program, different data
Figure 1-4
Same data, different programs
1.2 VON NEUMANN
MODEL(VNM)
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2003
VNM history
The von Neumann architecture is a
design model for a stored-program
digital computer that uses a processing
unit and a single separate storage
structure to hold both instructions and
data
Its define how processing is done.
Based on three ideas
Figure 1-5
von Neumann model
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2003
Idea 1:
Four Subsystems for VNM
Memory is a storage area. Store
programs & data during process
ALU calculation & logical operations
take place
Control Unit controls the operations of
the memory, ALU, IO subsystem
IO input; accepts input data/program
from outside computer,
output; sends the result of
processing to the outside
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Idea 2: Stored Program
Concept
The program must stored in the memory
Stored in binary pattern : 1 or 0

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Idea 3: Sequential Execution of
instructions
Made of a finite number of
instructions
CU fetches one instruction from
memory, interprets it and execute
1.3 COMPUTER
HARDWARE
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Three broad categories
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Input/Output
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1.4 DATA
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Storing data
Store in two state : presence or absence
Data such as text, image, audio, need to be
changed to appropriate form (0s and 1s)
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Organizing data
Inside a computer, data should be stored
only in binary pattern
Outside a computer it may takes many forms
Computers and the notation of data
processing had created a study field known
as data organization
Its to organize data into different entities and
formats before storing them inside a
computer.
1.5 COMPUTER
SOFTWARE
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2003
Introduction
Computer software : a collection of
computer programs, procedures and
documentation that perform some
tasks on a computer system
Programming : for these early
computers meant changing the wiring
systems or tuning on and off a set of
switches.
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Two aspect of programming to be
understood.
In VNM, the programs are stored in
computer memory. Memory not only
hold data, but also hold the program
(Figure 1.6)
Figure 1-6
Program and data in memory
Programs Must Be Stored
Figure 1-7
Program made of instructions;
Why? For Reusability
A Sequence Of Instructions
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Variety of Instructions
Algorithm step-by-step solution
Language to write computer
instruction
Software engineering the design
and writing of structured programs
Operating systems work as a
manager to facilitate access of the
computer components for a program

1.6 HISTORY
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Mechanical Machines; Before
1930
Suanpan (the number
represented on this abacus
is 6,302,715,408)
A mechanical calculator from
1914. Note the lever used to
rotate the gears.
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1801: punched card technology
Punched card system of a music machine,
also referred to as Book music, a one-stop
European medium for organs
Punched card with
the extended
alphabet
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Charles Babbage, 1823
The London Science Museum's
replica Difference Engine, built from
Babbage's design.
Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical
computer that eventually led to more complex designs.
Part of Babbage's difference
engine, assembled after his death
by Babbage's son, using parts
found in his laboratory.
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ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic
general-purpose computer
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1930s1960s: desktop
calculators
The Curta calculator can also
do multiplication and division
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Advanced analog computers
Cambridge differential analyzer, 1938
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Early digital computers
Punched tape programs would be much
longer than the short fragment shown.
Nine-track magnetic tape
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Early Electronic Computers
Special Purposes computer ;The AtanasoffBerry
Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital
computing device.
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Program-controlled computers,
general purposes machines
A reproduction of Zuse's Z1 computer.
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Colossus
Colossus was used to break German ciphers during World War II.
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Computers Based on The
VNM
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)
was one of the earliest
electronic computers
The EDVAC as installed in
Building 328 at the Ballistics
Research Laboratory.
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS

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FIRST GENERATION
1950-1959
Commercial computer
Expensive
Professionals
Bulky, use vacuum tubes
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SECOND GENERATION
1959-1965
Use transistor
Use FORTRAN & COBOL

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THIRD GENERATION
1965-1975
Use integrated circuit or microchip
Minicomputer appeared on the market
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Integrated circuit of Atmel Diopsis 740
System on Chip showing memory
blocks, logic and input/output pads
around the periphery
Microchips (EPROM memory)
with a transparent window,
showing the integrated circuit
inside
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1969 Data General Nova.
TV Typewriter
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FOURTH GENERATION
1975-1985
Microcomputer
Emergence of computer network

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FIFTH GENERATION
1985 now
Laptop & palmtop
The use of multimedia + VR