GRAPHENE

A REVOLUTI ONARY MATERI AL I N ELECTRONI CS

Submitted by,
Kritica Sharma
MTECH(Micro)
130402374
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS GRAPHNE
STRUCTURE OF GRAPHENE
PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE
APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
GRAPENE IN ADVANCED MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
FUTURE
CONLUSIONS


INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS GRAPHENE?



Worlds first 2D crystal.
Latest invented allotrope of Carbon
Noble Prize for Physics 2010
Single layer hexagonal structure.
Obtained from simple and abundant
form of carbon : graphite .
Thinnest ever material in the world.






What is GRAPHENE?

Graphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-
dimensional (2D)honeycomb structure ,which works on diffraction of
electrons.
The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the
two-dimensional material graphene".
Carbon-the basis of all known life on the earth-has surprised the
scientific community once again with its exotic properties.
Researchers have found that a form of carbon called graphene makes
experiments possible that give new twist to electronics field.
This devices are predicted to be substantially faster, thinner & more
efficient than current silicon based devices.

THE GRAPHENE
Sheets of graphene are bonded by loose
bond in graphite. These bonds are broken
and sheets are isolated to form graphene.
These isolated hexagonal sheets are
graphene.
STRUCTURE OF GRAPHENE
Physical properties of Graphene

Density- density of graphene
0.77 mg/m2.

Z
Strength- With its breaking
strength 42 N/m it is 1000 times
stronger than steel
Optical transparency- graphene is
almost transparent with its ability of
absorb just 2.3% of light falling on it.
Thinnest possible material
Electrical properties


Different electronic structure.
High electrical conductivity.
Conductivity further can be
increased by applying electric field.
electrical conductivity of sheets are
10 times that of copper.
Best known conductor till now


Electronic properties
Graphene differs from most conventional three-dimensional materials.
.
Graphene has a remarkably high electron mobility at room temperature
The mobility is nearly independent of temperature between 10 K and 100 K
Resistivity of the graphene sheet would be 10
6
cm.
Optical properties
Unexpectedly high opacity for an atomic monolayer
This is "a consequence of the unusual low-energy electronic
structure of monolayer graphene
It is further confirmed that such unique absorption could become saturated when the input
optical intensity is above a threshold value
Due to this special property, graphene has wide
application in ultrafast photonics
Thermal properties
The near-room temperature thermal conductivity of graphene was recently measured to be
between (4.840.44) 10
3
to (5.300.48) 10
3
Wm
1
K
1
.
Mechanical properties
As of 2009, graphene appears to be one of the strongest materials ever tested.
Bulk strength is 130GPa
Graphene sheets, held together by van der Waals forces

2200 times greater than steel

What makes Graphene different from others???
Unique structure.
All in one properties.
Low cost.
Abundant element.
Simple fabrication techniques.
Chemically inert.
Thermal stability.

Graphene makes experiments possible that give new twists to the phenomena in
quantum physics.
Applications in electrical engineering.
Mechanical engineering.
Most important in electronics engineering as component material.
As a superconducting material.
Micro electronics.
Transparent conducting electrode.
Solar cells
Graphene bio devices.

Applications
Will definitely replace silicon and germanium as device
material.
Conducting material on PCBs.
Single molecule sensors
Touchscreens
Graphene transistor.
Graphene integrated circuits.
Graphene chips.

Electronics Engineering
Graphene when converted into nanoribbon and nanotubes will replace silicon as
semiconducting material.
Due to its high electronic quality, graphene has also attracted the interest of
technologists who see it as a way of constructing ballistic transistors. Graphene
exhibits a pronounced response to perpendicular external electric fields, allowing
one to build FETs.
Graphene has excellent properties to be a vital component of integrated circuits
Graphene transistors are conceivable and are ready to replace silicon transistors
In 2009 researchers demonstrated four different types of logic gates, each
consisting of a single graphene transistor
It is capable of taking an incoming electrical signal of a certain frequency and an
producing output signal that is a multiple of that frequency
A recent publication has described a process for producing gram-quantities of
graphene, by the reduction of ethanol by sodium metal, followed by pyrolysis of
the ethoxide product, and washing with water to remove sodium salts
Fabrication of electronic devices
Can replace graphite in brushes of motors.
Can be construction material for various electrical devices.
When mixed with plastic can be used as conductor with higher
strength.
It will replace copper as conducting material.

Electrical engineering
In Manufacturing process as Manufacturing
material.
As a composite material for machines ,cars.
Defense.
Airplanes, space shuttles , satellite.

Mechanical engineering
GRAPHENE IN ADVANCED MOLBILE
TECHNOLOGY
Flexibility and Slim
Graphene phones are very easily
placed in the pocket
Graphene phones are slimmer as
compared to the smart phones.
Graphene phones are thinner like
floppy disc.
Graphene phones can be also wore
as wristwatches.



CONTD.
Graphene phones as cannot be broken down as it is a metal.
Both the graphene (carbon) and the silicon flex with the batterys charge cycles, but
dont break.
Thus the graphene phones are charged quickly and can remain charge for a longer
time
-Large memory capacity
-Ultra-low power consumption
-Compatible with state-of-the-art technology
-Strong immunity to short channel effects

ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS

Higher electron mobility
Works on principle of diffraction of electrons.
Superb electron & heat conductivity, greater than
copper.
Very less breakover voltage, less than 0.3V
It is transparent, yet so dense as even an atom of
Helium cant pass through it.
Stronger than diamond & steel
Can be used to make anti bacterial materials as
well as biodevices.
Can make very light weight parts for auto bodies
& armours

Single sheet of graphene is hard to
produce.
The new fabrication & manufacturing
methods has to be evolved for normal use
in electronics.
Due to small voltage gain, practical use is
limited.
While graphene can be considered
semiconductor like silicon, it lacks one
crucial property- the ability to act as a
switch.
Graphene research has discovered hidden
interactions that will affect the way
components are designed from the
superfast material.



Future
In future the mobile technology
would be completely dependent
on the graphene.
The phones would be connected
on the laptop and computer
without any device & then the
work can be done on the laptop.
Conclusion
From above discussion it is concluded that Graphene is a material which has the
capability to eliminate the current semiconductors such as silicon and form a new era of
superfast micro electronics.
From recent researches it is observed that , the most likely applications for Graphene
will be in analogue systems , such as radar , satellite communication and imaging
devices.
There are many agencies which are working very hardly on graphene and they have
founded the new graphene devices. Some of them are- Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency of U.S. D.O.D., Indian agencies such as D.R.D.O., Nanoscale science and
technology group at the IBM Watson Research Centre in Ossining, NY, etc.