Hydraulics and Pneumatics

UNIT-IV
I ndustrial Circuits

I ndustrial Circuits
Outcomes of the Unit:
1. List different types of Control valves used in fluid power.
2. Describe the working and construction of various control valves.
3. Describe the operation of complete hydraulic circuit drawn with
symbols for all components.
4. Simple Reciprocating Circuit and Regenerative Circuit
5. Speed Control Circuit and Sequencing Circuit
6. Synchronization Circuit ; Transverse and feed Circuit
7. Hydraulic Circuit for Riveting Machine
8. Automatic reciprocating Machine
9. Fail Safe Circuit ;Counter Balance Circuit ;
10. Actuator Locking Circuit ; Unloading Circuit
11. Hydraulic Press Circuit ; Motor Breaking Circuit


Control Valves
The most important considerations in any fluid
power system is control.
If control components are not properly selected,
the entire system does not function as required.
In fluid power, controlling elements are called
valves.
There are three types of valves:
1. Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
2. Pressure Control Valves (PCVs)
3. Flow Control Valves (FCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
The function of a DCV is to control the direction of
fluid flow in any hydraulic system.
They determine the path through which a fluid flows
in a given circuit.
A DCV is mainly required for the following purposes:
1. To start, stop, accelerate, decelerate and change the
direction of motion of a hydraulic actuator.
2. To permit the free flow from the pump to the reservoir at
low pressure when the pumps delivery is not needed
into the system.
3. To vent the relief valve by either electrical or mechanical
control.
4. To isolate certain branch of a circuit.

Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
DCVs can be classified based on fluid path, design
characteristics, control methods and construction.
1. Based on the Fluid Path
a. Check valves : Ball Type Check Valve




a. Poppet Type Check Valve






Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
The simplest DCV is a check valve.
A check valve allows flow in one direction, but blocks
the flow in the opposite direction.
It is a two-way valve because it contains two ports.





Pilot operated Check Valve






Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
1. Based on the Fluid Path
b. Shuttle valves.
A shuttle valve allows two alternate flow sources to be
connected in a one-branch circuit.
The valve has two inlets P1 and P2 and one outlet A.




Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
1. Based on the Fluid Path
c. Two-way valves:
2/2-Way DCV (Normally Closed) :
A two-way two-position (normally closed) of spool type.






Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
1. Based on the Fluid Path
c. Two-way valves:
2/2-Way DCV (Normally Opened)
A two-way, two-position normally open DCV.





Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
d. Three-way valves.
3/2-Way DCV (Normally Closed):
Three-way valves either block or allow flow from an
inlet to an outlet.
A three-way valve
has three ports, namely,
a pressure inlet (P),an
outlet to the system (A)
and a return to the tank(T).




Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
d. Three-way valves.
3/2-Way DCV (Normally Opened):
Three-way valves either block or allow flow from an
inlet to an outlet.
A three-way valve
has three ports, namely,
a pressure inlet (P),an
outlet to the system (A)
and a return to the tank(T).




Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
e. Four-way valves:
Four-way DCVs are capable of controlling double-acting
cylinders and bidirectional motors.
A four-way has four ports P, T, A and B.
P - Pressure inlet
T - Return to the tank;
A and B are outlets



Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
2. Based on Design Characteristics
a. An internal valve mechanism that directs the flow of
fluid. Such a mechanism can either be a poppet, a ball, a
sliding spool, a rotary plug or a rotary disk.
b. Number of switching positions (usually 2 or 3).
c. Number of connecting ports or ways.
d. Method of valve actuation that causes the valve
mechanism to move into an alternate position.



Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
3. Based on the Control Method
a. Direct controlled DCV:
A valve is actuated directly on the
valve spool.

b. Indirect controlled DCV :
A valve is actuated by a pilot line
or using a solenoid or
by the combination of
electro- hydraulic and
electro-pneumatic means.



Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
4. Based on the Construction of Internal Moving Parts
a. Rotary spool type
The spool is rotated to change the
direction of fluid.

b. Sliding spool type
The spool is slide in the casing to change the direction of
fluid.



Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Actuating Devices:
Direction control valves may be actuated by a
variety of methods.
Actuation is the method of moving the valve
element from one position to another.
There are four basic methods of actuation:
Manual, Mechanical, Solenoid-operated and
pilot-operated.



















Direction Control Valves (DCVs)
Actuating Devices:



















PRESSURE-CONTROL VALVES
Pressure-control valves are used in hydraulic systems to
control actuator force and to determine and select pressure
levels at which certain machine operations must occur.
Pressure controls are used for the following functions:
Limiting maximum system pressure at a safe level.
Regulating/reducing pressure in certain portions of the
circuit. Unloading system pressure.
Assisting sequential operation of actuators in a circuit with
pressure control.
Any other pressure-related function by virtue of pressure
control.
Reducing or stepping down pressure levels from the main
circuit to a lower pressure in a sub-circuit.
PRESSURE-CONTROL VALVES
The function of the valve in the circuit usually
becomes the basis for its name.
The valves used for accomplishing the above-
mentioned system functions are therefore given the
following names:
1. Pressure-relief valve.
2. Pressure-reducing valve.
3. Unloading valve
4. Counterbalance valve.
5. Pressure-sequence valve.
6. Brake valve.
PRESSURE-CONTROL VALVES
1. Pressure-relief valve