Incomplete Dominance

Codominance
Multiple Alleles
What is Allele?
Homologs appear alike in the microscope.
but they may have different versions of
genes,called alleles, at corresponding loci
(for example, an allele for freckles on one
chromosome and an allele for the absence of
freckles at the same locus on the homolog).
Homologs are not associated with each other
except during meiosis.
Alleles, alternative versions of a gene
Keep in mind!!!!
A somatic cell has two copies of each chromosome (forming a homologous pair)
and thus two alleles of each gene. which may be identical or different. This
figure depicts a homologous pair of chromosomes in an F 1 hybrid pea plant.
The chromosome with an allele for purple flowers was inherited from one parent
and that with an allele for white flowers from the other parent
Review: Dominant/Recessive
One allele is
dominant over the
other (capable of
masking the
recessive allele)
PP = purple
pp = white
Pp = purple
Review Problem:
Dominant/Recessive
In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant
over white flowers (p) show the cross between
two heterozygous plants.
P

p
P p
pp

Pp
Pp
PP

- PP (1); Pp (2); pp (1)
- ratio 1:2:1
- purple (3); white (1)
- ratio 3:1
GENOTYPES:
PHENOTYPES:
Incomplete Dominance
A third (new) phenotype appears in the
heterozygous condition.
Flower Color in 4 Oclocks


RR = red rr = white Rr = pink
Problem: Incomplete
Dominance
Show the cross between a pink and a
white flower.



- Rr (2); rr (2)
- ratio 1:1
- pink (2); white (2)
- ratio 1:1
R r
r

r
rr Rr
rr
Rr
GENOTYPES:
PHENOTYPES:
8
Alel Kodominan
Pada kasus dominan penuh dan semidominan
ada salah satu alel atau gen dalam pasangan
tersebut tidak berfungsi normal biasanya yang
disebut resesif.
Dalam kasus kodominan kedua alel dapat
berfungsi dan diekspresikan dengan baik, tetapi
produknya berbeda.
Oleh karena itu individu bergenotip heterozigot
akan memiliki fenotip campuran, bukan
intermedier.
9
Alel Kodominan
Sapi merah : C
R
C
R
Sapi coklat :C
R
C
W

Sapi putih : C
W
C
W


Bagaimana perkawinan dua ekor sapi coklat ?!
Bagaimana perkawinan sapi
jantan merah dengan sapi betina
coklat ? Bagaimana keturunan
F2-nya ?!
10
Macam
Perkawinan
Banyaknya
Perkawinan
Keturunan
Merah Coklat Putih
merah x merah 1/4 1/4 - -
merah x coklat 1/2 1/4 1/4 -
coklat x coklat 1/4 1/16 1/8 1/16
Jumlah 9/16 6/16 1/16
Codominance
The heterozygous condition, both
alleles are expressed equally
Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans
NN =
normal cells
SS = sickle cells
NS = some of
each
Types of eritrosit formed by multiple alleles
Normal cell
Sickle cell
Problem: Codominance
Show the cross between an individual with
sickle-cell anemia and another who is a
carrier but not sick.
N S
S

S
NS
NS
SS
SS
- NS (2) SS (2)
- ratio 1:1
- carrier (2); sick (2)
- ratio 1:1
GENOTYPES:
PHENOTYPES:
MULTIPLE
ALLELES
Genes which have more than two alleles
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Genes and their alleles
About 30% of the genes in humans are di-
allelic, that is they exist in two forms, (they
have two alleles)
About 70% are mono-allelic, they only
exist in one form and they show no
variation
A very few are poly-allelic having more
than two forms
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Combinations
Di-allelic genes can generate 3
genotypes
Genes with 3 alleles can generate 6
genotypes (3+2+1)
Genes with 4 alleles can generate 10
genotypes
Genes with 8 alleles can generate 36
genotypes
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Multiple Alleles
There are more than two alleles for
a trait
Blood type in humans
Blood Types?
Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
Blood Alleles?
A, B, O (in book I
A
, I
B
, I)
Rules for Blood Type
A and B are codominant
AA = Type A
BB = Type B
AB = Type AB
A and B are dominant over O
AO = type A
BO = type B
OO = type O
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

Agglutination
Dr Delphine Grzel, Ecole Nationale Vtrinaire de Lyon
Blood types and
transfusions
People who are Type A blood produce antibodies
to agglutinate cells which carry Type B antigens
They recognise them as non-self
The opposite is true for people who are Type B
Neither of these people will agglutinate blood cells
which are Type O
Type O cells do not carry any antigens for the ABO
system
Type O cells pass incognito
What about type AB people?
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Donor-recipient
compatibility
Recipient
Type A B AB O
A
Donor B
AB
O
= Agglutination
= Safe transfusion
Note:
Type O blood may be transfused into all
the other types = the universal donor.
Type AB blood can receive blood from
all the other blood types = the universal
recipient.
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Problem: Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has
type O blood and a father who has type AB
blood.
- AO (2) BO (2)
- ratio 1:1
- type A (2); type B (2)
- ratio 1:1
GENOTYPES:
PHENOTYPES:
O O
A

B
AO
BO
AO
BO
Problem: Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who is
heterozygous for type B blood and a father who is
heterozygous for type A blood.
-AB (1); BO (1);
AO (1); OO (1)
- ratio 1:1:1:1
-type AB (1); type B (1)
type A (1); type O (1)
- ratio 1:1:1:1
GENOTYPES:
PHENOTYPES:
A O
B

O
AB
OO
BO
AO
Konon di Jepang mempelajari karakter individu
berdasarkan golongan darah sudah terjadi dari
tahun 1933 dilakukan oleh Furukawa Takeji.
Mereka melihat kepribadian dari sisi golongan
darah.
Di Jepang ada perusahaan yang hanya menerima
orang-orang yang bergolongan darah A saja. Bahkan
di sebuah pabrik di Jepang, 90% pekerjanya
bergolongan darah A dan B, sisanya bergolongan
darah O.
Alel Ganda pada Kelinci
Kombinasi Alel pada Kelinci