GEOLOGI TEKNIK

DOSEN PENGAMPU:
DR. SRI MULYANINGSIH
MATERIAL PENYUSUN KERAK
BUMI
BATUAN:
Batuan beku
Batuan vulkanik
Batuan sedimen
Batuan metamorf
MINERAL: uniaksial dan biaksial; native dan composite
SOIL: horizon A-R; AIR: air permukaan, pola drainasi, air bawah
permukaan,akifer
GAS: metan, butan, sulfad, silfid, amoniak, dll
Proses geologi yang mempengaruhi pembentukannya:
Tektonik lempeng
Aktivitas gunungapi
Proses pelapukan, erosi dan transportasi
Bencana alam dan sumber daya alam
SIFAT-SIFAT TEKNIK BATUAN
Deere (1963) mengajukan standarisasi kualitas
batuan (rock quality designation dengan pengali
100: RQD):
100-90 : excellent (sangat) bagus
90-75: bagus
75-50: cukup bagus
50-25: buruk
<25: sangat buruk
Bieniawski (1976): mengembangkan klasifikasi
Rock Mass Rating (RMR) melputi: kekuatan
batuan, kondisi airtanah dan kemenerusan dan
orientasi batuan
Sifat-sifat mekanika batuan dan material terpilih lainnya
Tipe batuan Lokaliti (densitas
gr/cm
3
)
E (modulus
elastisitas*10
9

N/m
2
)

Tegangan batuan (*10
6
N/m
2
)

c
kuat tekan
t
kuat tarik
Amfibol
Andesit
Basalt
Beton
Konglomerat
Diabas
Diorit
Dolomit
Gabro
Gneis
Granit
Graywacke
Gypsum
Batugamping
Batulanau
Batupasir
Marmer
Kuarsit
Serpih
Baja
Tuf
Kalifornia
Nevada
USA
-
Utah
New York
Arizona
Ilinois
New York
Idaho/N.Jersey
USA
Alaska
Kanada
Jerman/Indiana
Pensilvania
Ohio/Utah
N.York/Tennese
Minnesota/Utah
Utah/Pensilvan
-
Nevada/Jepang
2,94
2,37
2,72
2,7-3,2
2,54
2,94
2,71
2,58
3,03
2,675
2,645
2,77
2,32
2,62
2,76
2,185
2,71
2,65
2,81
7,85
2,15
92,4
37,0
35,3
2,1-1,0
14,1
95,8
46,9
51,0
55,3
54,38
25,4/70,6
68,4
-
26,96-63,8
30,6
10,52-21,37
51,15
22,06-84,8
31,2
200
3,65-76
278,0
103,0
58-148
0,41-0,21
88
321
119
90
186
162-223
223,33
221
22
58,45
113
38,9-107
106-126,9
148-629
101,4-215,8
365
11,3-36
22,8
7,2
3,2-18,1
0,04-0,02
3,0
55,1
8,2
3,0
13,8
6,9-15,5
2,8-20,7
5,5
2,4
4,035
6,5-11,7
5,17-11
6,5-11,7
3,5-23,4
1,38-17,2
365
1,17-4,31
TEGANGAN (STRESS)
Pemberian tegangan (stress) pada tubuh batuan
menimbulkan regangan (strain) sebagai langkah
merespon tegangan tersebut
Satuan gaya: Newton (N)= gaya per kecepatan 1m/s
2

untuk massa 1 kg
Tegangan = gaya per satuan luas area; pada
kenyataan di alam tidak dapat diukur karena sifatnya
yang heterogen dengan gaya yang heterogen pula
Di laboratorium dapat dihitung jika permukaan massa
yang dikenai gaya bersifat uniform, = Ft/A satuannya
N/m
2
atau Pascal ; 1 N/m
2
= 1 Pa

REGANGAN (STRAIN)

ADVANCED ROCK PROPERTIES
Capillary Pressure: Air/brine or oil/brine porous plate at ambient or reservoir
confining stress up to 10,000 psi. High speed centrifuge at ambient, or overburden
centrifuge for unconsolidated and friable samples, up to 3500 psi confining pressure
and 70?C. Mercury injection up to 60,000 psi for drainage or imbibition.
Electrical Properties: Formation resistivity factor at ambient and confining stresses
up to 10,000 psi. Formation resistivity index by porous plate, air/brine or oil/brine
method at ambient or net reservoir confining stress. Formation resistivity index by
ultra-low rate continuous oil injection (RICITM) with automated data capture.
Continuous RI versus Sw relationship determined at net reservoir confining stresses
up to 10,000 psi.
Excess conductivity for clay correction by multi-salinity Co/Cw method or wet
chemistry CEC.
Stress Measurements: Pore volume compressibility and porosity reduction, specific
or effective permeability to air, brine or oil as a function of confining stress up to
10,000 psi.
Wettability:Determination by Amott and USBM methods. Restoration of wetting state
using live or dead crude oils.
Relative Permeability:Unsteady state and steady state techniques for Water-Oil,
Gas-Oil and Water-Gas displacements in either drainage, imbibition or combination of
these displacements, up to 30cm long core or composite stacks. In-situ Saturation
Monitoring by the Attenuation of X-rays (SMAXTM) can be provided for all
displacements.
Reservoir Conditions Relative Permeability:Live oils and brines with full in-situ
saturation monitoring at pressure and temperature up to 10,000 psi and 150o C on
cores up to 30cm in length.
Simulation of Flow Experiments: Determines estimates of relative permeability and
capillary pressure flow functions by history matching to the laboratory data.
ADVANCED ROCK PROPERTIES
Core Flood: Various analyses can be performed at reservoir pressure and
temperature to simulate near well bore conditions during drilling, clean up or
completions processes.
Geomechanic Testing: Comprehensive facility providing uniaxial and triaxial testing
for static moduli. Dynamic moduli at seismic to ultrasonic frequencies for shear and
compressional waves under uniaxial and triaxial stress conditions.
Inorganic Scale: Determination of fluid compatibility and scale potential by modelling
and laboratory testing. Evaluation of scale and corrosion inhibitors with reservoir rock
material at reservoir conditions. Compatibility testing of the formation with the
inhibitors and evaluation of the release of inhibitors with throughput.
Fracture Damage & Proppant Evaluation: Full range of proppant analysis for leak
off of fracturing fluid, conductivity, flow back and embedment. Proppant evaluation
against API standards. Fracture fluid damage to formation and natural fractures in the
reservoir. Modelling and laboratory analysis is provided. Fracture design and input
into a 3D fracture model using GohferTM which has been shown in the field to
simulate proppant transport, reservoir heterogeneity and symmetric or asymmetric
designs.
Fluid & Rock Compatibility: Detailed analysis of the rock mineralogy of the
formation and introduced fluids provide indications of any incompatibility which may
occur in the reservoir.



Pengujian-pengujian Geoteknik
Triaxial and uniaxial testing for Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, and
compressive strength
Sonic velocity testing for dynamic Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio
Mohr-Coulomb envelope analysis and construction
Sonic velocity and acoustic impedance testing at stress
Sonic velocity in crude oils and brines
Seismic velocity testing at 10Hz
Hydrostatic and uniaxial pore volume compressibility
Calibration of sonic and dipole log
Fracture azimuth and max stress azimuth (sonic velocity anisotropy)
Evaluation of natural fracture conductivity
Thick wall cylinder test to determine onset of sand production
Fracture toughness analysis
Brinell hardness test for closure stress analysis
Proppant embedment testing vs. closure stress
Brazil tensile strength for wellbore stability analysis
Point load tensile test for wellbore stability analysis
Computer analysis and field
recommendations
Borehole stability analysis
Critical drawdown pressure
Sand control and perforation stability
Data extension from dry to wet conditions Sonic
velocities, Young's Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio
estimation from x-ray data
Dipole sonic analysis and calibration
Biot's poroelastic constant
Acid fracture conductivity analysis
Proppant embedment and conductivity analysis
Sonic velocity testing at 0.001 to 1,000,000 Hz
Biot's poroelastic testing and horizontal stress analyses
FONDASI
YAITU suatu struktur yang mentransfer
beban ke dalam tanah.
Secara umum dibagi 2: fondasi dangkal
dan fondasi dalam
Fondasi Dangkal Vs. Fondasi Dalam
Fondasi Dangkal: Biasanya
terletak hanya di dalam soil.
Salah satu tipe yang umum
adalah pondasi cakar ayam
yang terdiri atas tiang-tiang
atau isian beton (material
lain) yang ditanam di dalam
tanah
Tipe yang lain: tiang
pancang; berat bangunan
ditransfer ke dalam tanah
melalui bagian beton di
permukaan.
Fondasi dangkal
Fondasi dalam
Fondasi Dalam: mentransfer beban bangunan dari lapisan tanah yang
bersifat lemah di bagian atas ke dalam lapisan batuan yang lebih kuat