The relationship between temperature and volume

When the air in the bottle

cooled, the air contracted. When
this happened, the air in the
bottle had slightly lower pressure
than the air outside the bottle.
The air outside the bottle pushed
the egg into the bottle. There
was NO sucking going on, only
pushing by the atmosphere.
Floating Candles
State your observations.
Apply the gas law and
the principles of
combustion to explain
your observations.
Charles Law
French chemist Jacques Charles
discovered that the volume of a gas
at constant pressure changes with
temperature.
As the temperature of the gas
increases, so does its volume, and as
its temperature decreases, so does
its volume.
C h a r l e s L a w
The law says that at constant pressure,
the volume of a fixed number of
particles of gas is directly proportional
to the absolute (Kelvin) temperature,
mathematically expressed as:
V = kT
Charles Law
V = kT
V = Volume
k = Charles Law constant
of Proportionality
T = Temperature in Kelvins
Explanation
Raising the temperature of a gas
causes the gas to fill a greater volume
as long as pressure remains
constant.
Gases expand at a constant rate as
temperature increases, and the rate
of expansion is similar for all gases.
Example
If the temperature of a given amount
of gas is doubled, for example, its
volume will also double (as long as
pressure remains unchanged).

2V = 2kT
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

9
For two conditions, Charless law is written
V
1
= V
2

(P and n constant)


T
1
T
2

Rearranging Charless law to solve for V
2
gives
T
2
x V
1
= V
2
x T
2

T
1
T
2

V
2
=

V
1

x T
2


T
1
Charless Law: V and T
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

10
Learning Check
Solve Charless law expression for T
2
.

V
1
= V
2
T
1
T
2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

11
Solution
Solve Charless law expression for T
2
.
V
1
= V
2
T
1
T
2

Cross multiply to give:
V
1
T
2
= V
2
T
1


Solve for T
2
by dividing through by V
1
:
V
1
T
2
= V
2
T
1
so T
2
= T
1
x V
2

V
1
V
1
V
1




General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

12
A balloon has a volume of 785 mL at 21 C. If the
temperature drops to 0 C, what is the new volume of
the balloon (P constant)?

STEP 1 Set up data table:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict
V
1
= 785 mL V
2
= ? V decreases
T
1
= 21 C T
2
= 0 C
= 294 K = 273 K T decreases
Be sure to use the Kelvin (K) temperature in gas
calculations.
Calculations Using Charless Law
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

13
Calculations Using Charless Law
(continued)







STEP 2 Solve Charless law for V
2
:
V
1
= V
2

T
1
T
2

V
2
= V
1
x T
2

T
1
Temperature factor
decreases T

STEP 3 Set up calculation with data:
V
2
= 785 mL x 273 K = 729 mL
294 K
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

14
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a
temperature of 18 C. At what temperature (in C) will
the volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n
constant)?
1) 443 C
2) 170 C
3) 82 C
Learning Check
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

15
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 420 mL at a
temperature of 18 C. At what temperature (in C) will the
volume of the oxygen be 640 mL (P and n constant)?

2) 170C
STEP 1 Set up data table:

Conditions 1 Conditions 2 Know Predict
V
1
= 420 mL V
2
= 640 mL V increases
T
1
= 18 C T
2
= ? T increases
= 291 K
Solution
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

16
STEP 2 Solve Charless law for T
2
:

T
2
= T
1
x

V
2

V
1
STEP 3 Substitute values and calculate:

T
2
= 291 K x 640 mL = 443 K
420 mL
Volume factor
increases T

= 443 K 273 K = 170 C
Solution (continued)
Practical
Applications

Hot AIR Balloon
The hot air that gives the hot-air balloon
its name is commonly created by a
propane gas burner that sends powerful
jets of flame into the colorful rip-stop
nylon envelope. Once the balloon is
aloft, its height is maintained by opening
and closing the blast valve, which
controls the flow of the gas to the
burner.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Check
To make 300 mL of oxygen at 20.0
o
C change its
volume to 250 mL, what must be done to the sample
if its pressure and mass are to be held constant?
19
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

20
Use the gas laws to complete the following statements
with 1) increases or 2) decreases.

A. Pressure _______, when V decreases.
B. When T decreases, V _______.
C. Pressure _______ when V changes from 12 L to
4 L
D. Volume _______ when T changes from 15 C to
45 C.
Quiz