Feby Agung Pamuji, ST, MT

Department of electrical engineering

FTI ITS

Energy and Policy
.
MINISTRY OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
-INDONESIAS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOCUS
FOR THE NEXT 5 YEARS-
1. Bio-nanotechnology for Agriculture and Food
2. New and Renewable Source of Energy;
3. Technology for Transportation Systems and
management;
4. Information and Communication; Technology;
5. Defense Technology.
6. Medical and Health
- Population Increase:
- Increase in Economic
Growth:
- Increase in Living Standard
- Energy Demand Increase
(200%):
- Electricity Demand Increase
(350%):
Environmental Issue:
- Global Warming
- Air Pollution
- Acid Rain
- Health
TYPE OF ENERGY SELECTION
Fosil Energy
(hydrocarbon resources)
OIL COAL
Gas
NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Hydro,
Microhydro
Solar, wind,
biomassa,
geothermal,
hidrogen, FC
Nuclear
Environment INFRASTRUCTURE ENERGY RESOURCES SOCIAL-CULTURE GEOPOLITIC ECONOMY
BASED ON NATURAL RESOURCES BASED ON TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING
2000-2025
Comprehensive Assessment of Different Energy Source for Electricity Generation in I ndonesia,
2002.
ENERGY MIX 2025
Renewable
Energy
4,4%
Oil Fuel
Hydro
Geotherm
Coal
Nat'l Gas
Renewable
Year 2000
Oil 35% Hydro 4% Geoth 1% Coal 34% Gas 26%
Oil 10% Hydro 4% Geothrm 5% Coal 38% Natl
Gas 39% Renewable 4%
Oil
Hydro
Geotherm
Coal
Nat'l Gas
Renewable
Bussiness as usual - 2025
Optimisation of energy
Energi Mix 2025
optimal scenario
Oil
Hydro
Geotherm
Coal
Natl Gas
Renewable
NATIONAL ENERGY MIX YEAR 2025
(OPTIMISATION SCENARIO)
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
OPTIMISATION
Microhydro 0.216%
Biofuel 1.335%
Solar Power 0.020%
Wind Power 0.028%
Fuel cell 0.000%
Biomassa 0.766%
Nuclear 1.993%
Natural Gas 30.6% Oil 26.2%
Other 4.4%
Geothermal 3.8%
Large Hydro 2.4%
Coal 32.7%
INDONESIA GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL
Tracer Injection and Surface
Manifestation Sampling
Support of the R & D Institutes for exploration and
exploitation of Geothermal
Coal Bed Methane Potential
Basin Prospective
Area (km2)
CBM
Resources
(TCF)
KALIMANTAN
Barito 15,000 75
Berau 2,000 10
Kura 10,000 50
North Tarakan 6,500 20
Pasir 1,000 3
SUMATRA
Central Sumatra 15,000 50
South Sumatra 20,000 120
Bengkulu 3,000 5
JAVA
Jatibarang 500 1
SULAWESI
Sengkang 1,000 2
TOTAL 74,000 336
CBM potentials are
scattered around
Sumatra,
Kalimantan, Java,
and Sulawesi

Total indicated
potential is
approximately 336
TCF
Source: Coal Report Indonesia 2000
US Embassy, Jakarta, 2000
Indonesian Nuclear Power
Plant

Source: National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 2025, DEMR
NUCLEAR
ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY 20
th
AND 21
st
CENTURY
NUCLEAR
ENERGY
H
2
ELECTRICITY
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Renewable Energy Resources

Potential Equivalent Utilization
Installed
Capacity*
Hydro 845 million BOE 75.67 GW 6,851 GWh 4,200 MW
Geothermal 219 Million BOE 27 GW 2,593.5 GWh 800 MW
Mini/Microhydro 458.75 MW 458.75 MW 84 MW
Biomassa 49.81 GW 302.4 MW
Solar Energy 4.8
kWh/m
2
/day
(1203 TW)
8 MW

Wind Energy 3-6 m/sec
9,287 MW
0.5 MW
Ocean Wave 20 kW/m
coastal line**
Uranium
(Nuclear)
24,112 ton e.q
to 3 GW for 11
year***
Source: DGEEU Directorate General for Electricity and Energy Utilization
*By the Year 2003
** Green Energy Policy Document DEMR - Department of Energy and Mineral Resources
*** National Energy Management Blueprint (BP-PEN) 2005 2025, DEMR
Indonesian Wind Energy
Potential
Wind Power Utilization:
small-scale utilization, with wind speed of 2.5 4 m/s and capacity
up to 10 kW
medium-scale utilization, with wind speed of 4 5 m/s and capacity
of 10 100 kW
large-scale utilization, with wind speed and capacity higher than 5
m/s and 100 kW, respectively

Wind Power Potential in Indonesia*:
Region of Nusa Tenggara Barat: wind speed ranging from 3.4 5.3
m/s (10 locations)
Region of Nusa Tenggara Timur: wind speed ranging from 3.2 6.5
m/s (10 locations)
Region of Sulawesi and other: wind speed ranging from 2.6 4.9
m/s (10 locations)
* Source : DGEEU - LAPAN
International Wind Power Technology in 20
years
Source : LAPAN
Copyright @
ripno.energin.id
Indonesia (tropical areas)
Europe (sub-tropical)
Speed: Low -
medium
Direction: alternate
Speed: medium -
high
Direction: fixed
Source: National Geography,
Agustus 2005
BIOFUEL AS A SUBSTITUTE OF GASOLINE,
DIESEL OIL AND COMBUSTION FUEL
2002 2009
Consumption of gasoline 15
(million kilo liters)
21
Bio ethanol needed -
(kilo liters)
420.000
Diesel oil consumption 26
(million kilo liters)
36
Bio diesel needed to be -
produced (kilo liters)
720.000
Consumption of 5.7
combustion fuel (mill.kl lt)
7.5
Bio-oil needed to be -
produced (kilo liters)
423.000
MACROECONOMIC BENEFIT OF
BIODIESEL

-2% of diesel oil consumption in 2009, needs:
- 720 kilolitres, or 720 tons of CPO
- 205 thousand ha. of plantation
- 68.000 employment in plantations + 5000 in
factories.

-diesel oil import reduction:
- 720 . 000 kilolitres
- Equivalent to US$216 million saving (based on
imported diesel oil price of US$0.30/litre)

BIODIESEL
Progress in Biodiesel Development
1.5 Tons/day Prototype Plant

Emission
B20 B100
Carbon Monoxide (CO2) -12 % -47%
Hydrocarbon (HC) -20% -67%
Particulates (SPM) -12% -48%
Emission of NOx of Indonesian biodiesel
(made of palm, coconut or jarak) is lower than that of diesel oil.
Progress in Bio diesel Development
ECONOMY OF BIO ETHANOL
YEAR
PREMIUM CONSUMPTION BIOETHANOL AS SUBSTITUTE
TO PREMIUM
Volume *
(mill.Kl)
Value **
(bill. Rp)
Volume
(mill. KL)
Value***
(bill Rp)
2005 16,05 46.064 0,05 143,5
2006 17,17 49.278 0,05 143,5
2007 18,37 52.722 0,09 258,3
2008 19,66 56.424 0,19 545,3
2009 21 60.270 0,42 1.205,4
*) Assumed rate of consumption : 7% per year
**) Based on fixed Premium priced in the first quarter of 2005 : Rp. 2870,-/liter
***) Value of Imported processed oil substituted by Bio ethanol
MINISTRY OF
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
MACROECONOMIC BENEFITS OF
GASOHOL E-10

- A hectares of cassava plantation could produce approximately
4.7 kilolitres of bioethanol.

- Each hectare of plantation generate 7 employment
opportunities.

- Could avoid 4.7 kilolitres of imported gasoline, and save about
US$ 1,410 (assumption : price of imported premium is 30 cents
US dollars per litre)
GASOHOL E-10 COMPETITIVENESS
Bioetanol fuel grade price (without tax) : Rp 4.000,-/L
Gasohol E-10 price per liter : (0,9 x Rp 2.400) + (0,1 x Rp 4.000) = Rp 2.560,-
[Rp 160,- higher than subsidized premium price]
The price difference would be accepted by community due to the increasing of engine performance
(Gasohol E-10 octane number 91), and the significant decrease of CO emission)
Gasohol E-10 engine performance is equal to Pertamax and is much better than Premium
27,38 31,03 31,24 30,39 Fuel Consumption (L/jam)
1804 1393,8 1913,3 1856,1 Force (N)
40,09 30,97 42,52 41,23 Power (kW)
Pertamax Premium Gasohol E-20 Gasohol E-10
Fuel
Note : Idle Engine
Test
2.00 2.04 1.28 Nox (gr/km
0.40 0.33 0.38 THC (gr/km)
5.77 3.10 5.00 CO (gr/km)
Pertamax Gasohol E-10
Premium Parameter
Emission Test Result
SORGHUM
As Wheat Substitutes and Bio-ethanol Raw Material
Suitable for marginal land planting
J atropha curcas (Jarak pagar)
Harvesting period of Jatropha Curcas is
only 6 to 8 months.

Every 12,5 tons could produce bio-oil of
approximately 1,900 liters.

3 millions Ha plantation of approximately
7,5 billions Jatropha could produce 92,000
barrel per day, or equivalent to 20% of
national diesel oil consumption of 460.000
barrel per day.