ENGINEERING LESSON

GUIDE 4
PUMPS, VALVES, AND FANS
VALVES
TYPES OF VALVES
Globe valves - common type of stop
valve
the disk seats on the seating ring
commonly used in, steam, air, water, and
oil lines
also used as throttle valves
TYPES OF VALVES
Gate valve - used for straight line
flow and when minimum flow
restriction are needed
not used for throttling
rising stem or nonrising stem
steam systems have flexible gates
TYPES OF VALVES
Butterfly valve - light weight,
relatively small and quick-acting
has a body, resilient seat, butterfly disk, a
stem, packing, a notched position plate,
and a handle
very versatile - can be used for fresh water,
salt water, JP-5, lube-oil, and chill water
systems
Relief
Valve
VALVE OPERATING
DEVICES
Manual
Hydraulic
Motor (electric or air operated)
Solenoid
PUMPS
PUMP COMPONENTS
Drive
Steam, electric, or gear
Pump Shaft
Impeller or Piston
Casing
PUMP TYPES
CENTRIFUGAL
Single Stage
Multi-staged centrifugal pumps
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
Reciprocating
Rotary Gear
Screw
Moving vane
JET PUMP
Eductor
Ejector
POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMP
Fixed Volume
Volumetric Flow rate is proportional to
speed
A relief valve will always be on the
discharge end of the pump
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
PRESSURE HEAD
( Hp = ft lbf/ lbm)
CAPACI TY
( V= GPM)
N
1 N
2
Actual
I deal
Reciprocating Pump
Characteristic Curve
NON-POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
BERNOULLIS THEOREM
Z
1
+ P
1
/D + 1/2(V
1
2
/g) =Z
2
+P
2
/D + 1/2(V
2
2
/g)
+ g
c
/g(wk) + H
L

Where:
Z : Elevation (ft)
P : Pressure (lbs/ft
2
)
D : Density (lb/ft
3
)
V : Velocity (ft/sec)
g : acceleration
(32.2 ft/sec
2
)
wk: work (ft-lbs)
H
L
: Head Loss
= f(L/D)(V
2
/2Zg)
where
f : friction factor
L: Length
D: Diameter
BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE
Basically: as the velocity (speed) of a
fluid increases, its pressure decreases,
and visa versa
PUMPS
Net Positive Suction Head: that
pressure required at the suction of a
pump to prevent cavitation.
cavitation: the formation of bubbles due to
area where P < P
SAT
, and the subsequent
collapse of those bubbles.
causes noise and damage due to erosion and
fatigue failure.
Pressure
Head
V = GPM
.
HP =
( ft lbf) / lbm
V

N
Hp

N
2
Pw

N
3
.
Where
V = volumetric flow rate
N = Speed of rotation
Hp= Pump Head ( discharge pressure
Pw= Power required ( prime mover)
N
2
= 2N
1
Characteristic curve for centrifugal pump
N
1
N
2
PUMPS
Centrifugal:
Parallel pumps:
1 pump
2 pumps
H
P
V
GPM
V
2
= 2V
1
H
P2
= H
P1
PUMPS
Series (called staging):
H
P
V
GPM
1 pump
2 pumps
Fans
Same Principle as Non-positive
displacement pumps
Types:
Centrifugal: majority used for compressors
Axial (like propeller): cooling fans
QUESTIONS