A sentence is a group of words which makes a

complete sentence. It is a combination of

words that expresses a complete thought and
conveys a complete sense. Words, phrases and
clauses together make sentences.
In these sentences, the principle statement is
made at the beginning. It consists of a
grammatically complete statement followed by
1 ore more explanatory statement.
The price of oranges rose owing to rumors of a bad crop.


The Prime Minister was given a warm welcome as soon
as he arrived.
In these sentences, the principle statement is
given at the end. It is not grammatically
complete until the end of the sentence is
reached.
owing to rumors of a bad crop, the price of oranges rose.


as soon as he arrived the Prime Minister was given a
warm welcome.
This type of sentence reflects a common statement.
It can be Affirmative or negative.
Exercise is beneficial to health.


Ram never tells a lie.

Such a sentence performs the functions of asking.
What do panda bears
eat?
Who studied for
their test last
night?
How do you
drive a car?
This kind of sentence contains an order, advice or
request.
Turn off the
microphone.
Please, stop
yelling!
Write down
your answer.

Such a sentence conveys a feeling of joy, sorrow or
surprise.
How
beautiful
these
flowers are!
What big
muscles you
have!
This type of sentences conveys a feeling of desire or
blessing.
May you live long!


Would that my brother were rich!

Prem does not like studies
Do you exercise daily
Do not make noise
Alas! We have lost the match.
May you live long
Punctuation allows the authors writing
to be easy to read and understandable
for the reader.
Period Comma Colon
Question
Mark
Quotation
Marks
Exclamation
Point
Parenthesis Apostrophe
Rule: Use at the end of a complete sentence.
Example: I went to the store for groceries.


Rule: Use at the end of an indirect question.
Example: He asked where the milk was.
Rule: Use a comma to separate words or items in a list.
Example: She has two dogs, three cats, one bird, and five fish
in her house.
Rule: Use a comma to separate a city from its state.
Example: I am from East Lansing, Michigan.
Rule: Use a comma to separate the day of the month from
the year.
Example: He was born on August 4
th
, 1990.
Rule: Use a comma to separate two adjectives (describing
words) when the word and can be inserted between them.
Example: She was a young, beautiful dog.
,
Rule: Use the colon after a complete sentence to
introduce a list of items.
Example: On my trip I will bring: clothes, a pillow, a
sleeping bag, a toothbrush, and my teddy bear.

Rule: Use the colon after the greeting of the persons
name in a business letter.
Example: Dear Mr. Smith:
Rule: Use a question mark only after a direct question.
Example: Will you come over after school?

Rule: Use quotation marks to set off a direct quotation.
Example:What is your favorite color? she asked.

Rule: Periods and commas always go inside quotation
marks.
Example: I dont want to go to school today, Alan said.

Rule: Use the exclamation point to show emphasis or
excitement.
Summer is in three months!

Rule: Use parenthesis to enclose words or figures that
clarify or are used as an aside.
Example: He received one hundred and fifty points
(150)on his math project.


Rule: Use the apostrophe when combining two words.
It is always placed in the spot where the letter(s) have
been removed.
Example: Shes (she is) only allowed candy on Friday.

Rule: Use the apostrophe to show possession. Place the
apostrophe before the s.
Example: They found Ms. Connors gloves.

Activity
Bob said, "Sue said, 'My favourite poem is "The Raven".'
Is the above punctuation correct, or is there some other
way?
Correct answer : Bob said, "Sue said, 'My favourite poem is "The Raven."
Choose the correct one from following :
a)I can't see Tim's car, there must have been an accident.
b)I cant see Tim's car; there must have been an accident.
c)I can't see Tim's car there must have been an accident.
d)I can't see Tim's car; there must have been an accident.
Correct answer : d)

What is tense ?



Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to
time - past, present and future.


Types of tenses
Verb Tenses
Present Past Future
Present Indefinite
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Cont.
Past Indefinite
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Cont.
Future Indefinite
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Cont.
.

Present Tense :---
It expresses the actions that are only happening now !
e.g. he is playing or he plays

Past Tense :---Past tense expresses an action or situation that was
started and finished in the past.
e.g. he was playing
Future Tense :---Future tense expresses an action or situation that
will occur in the future.




Present tenses
Present
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Cont.Tense
Present Indefinite Tense
The simple present is used to describe an action, an
event, or condition that is occurring in the present, at
the moment of speaking or writing.
For Example
I play.
He / She plays.






Present Continuous Tense
The present continuous emphasizes the continuing
nature of an act, event, or condition.
For Example
I am playing.
He / She is playing.
They are playing.






Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense is used to describe action
that began in the past and continues into the present
or has just been completed.
For Example
I have played.
He / She has played.

Present Perfect Cont. Tense

The present perfect continuous is used to describe an
action, event, or condition that has begun in the past
and continues into the present.
For Example
I / You have been playing.
He / She has been playing.

Past Tense
Past
Past Indefinite Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Cont.Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
The simple past is used to describe an action, an event,
or condition that occurred in the past.
For Example
I played.
He / She played.

Past Continuous Tense
The past continuous tense is used to described actions
ongoing in the past.
For Example
I was playing.
He / She was playing.
You were playing.

Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense is used to refer to actions that
took place and were completed in the past.
For Example
I had played.
He / She had played.

Past Perfect Cont.Tense
The past perfect continuous is used to indicate that a
continuing action in the past began before another
past action began or interrupted the first action.
For Example
I had been playing.
He / She had been playing.

Future Tense
Future
Future Indefinite Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Cont.Tense
Future Indefinite Tense
The simple future is used to refer to actions that will
take place after the act of speaking or writing.
For Example
I shall play.
He / She will play.

Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous tense is used to describe actions
ongoing in the future. The future progressive is used to
refer to continuing action that will occur in the future.
For Example
I shall be playing.
He / She will be playing.

Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect is used to refer to an action that will
be completed sometime in the future before another
action takes place.
For Example
I shall have played.
He / She will have played.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense
The future perfect continuous tense is used to indicate a
continuing action that will be completed at some specified
time in the future.
For Example
I shall have been playing.
He / She will have been playing.

Activity
1) Rajat, I ________________ you in a long time. How have you been?
was seen
saw
haven't seen
hadn't seen
Ans : haven't seen

2) Yesterday I ____________ to see my grandparents.
go
have gone
gone
went
Ans : went

3) Some people say that it is better to _________ for today.
is living
living
lives
live
Ans : live


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