GSM (Global System For Mobile Communications) : Prepared by Muhammad Arif

Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
GSM (Global System for

Mobile Communications)
Prepared by
Muhammad Arif

GSM Operator in Pakistan


14%
CDMA One
TDMA
11%
GSM and Others
75%
GSM
Source: European Mobile Communications(EMC)

Vendors Of Operators
Core (MSC/BSC) RAN (BTS)
Mobilink Alcatel/Huawei/Siemens/Nokia Motrola/Alcatel
Ufone Huawei/Nortel Huawei / Nortel
Telenore Siemens/Nokia Siemens / Nokia
Warid Ericsson Ericsson / Huawei
Zong ZTE/Huawei Ericsson/ZTE/Alcatel


Subscriber Data Base
Mobilink 31,958,597
Telenore 17,841,074
Ufone 17,800,424
Warid 15,114,678
Zong 3,662,099

Information received from PTA site survey on May 2008 (www.pta.com)


What is Telecommunication ?
Telecommunication means to change
information into electronic signals for
remote transmission and switching.
Fast Deployment
Saving Transmission cost.
Easy and Fast Access.


Frequency
The frequency of a radio wave is the number of times
that the wave oscillates per second."

FM Radio : 100 MHz Approx.
Television : 300 MHz Approx.
Mobile Networks : 300 2000 MHz Approx.

Bandwidth
In electronic communication, bandwidth is the
width of the range (or band) of frequencies that
an electronic signal uses on a given
transmission medium.
In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms
of the difference between the highest-frequency
signal component and the lowest-frequency
signal component.

Bandwidth = Highest freq Lowest Freq
Sir Syed University of Engineering &
Technology, Karachi

Channels
A Channel is a frequency or set of frequency which can be
allocated for the transmission and reception of information.
Types Of Communication Channels.


What is Multiple Access
Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple
independent users is called Multiple Access.

Advantages Of Multiple Access

Increased capacity
Reduced capital requirement
Decreased per user expense

Sir Syed University of
Engineering & Technology,
Karachi

FDMA, TDMA & CDMA
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Each user on a different frequency
A channel is a frequency
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Each user on a different window period in time slot.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Each user uses the same frequency all the time but
mixed with different distinguished code patterns.

1
st
Generation Cellular System
Widespread introduction in early 1980s.
Analogue modulation.
Frequency division multiple access.
Voice traffic only.
No inter-network roaming possible.
Insecure air interface.
Examples :
AMPS (Advance mobile Phone System, American based,800MHz)
TACS (Total Access Communications System, UK based,900MHz)
C-450 (German standard, 450MHz)
JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System,900MHz).


2
nd
Generation Cellular System
Widespread introduction in 1990s.
Use digital modulation.
Variety of multiple access strategies.
More efficient use of radio spectrum.
International roaming capability.
Secure air interface.
Compatibility with ISDN.


GSM Architecture Overview
A GSM system is made up of three subsystems:

The mobile station (MS)
The Base station subsystem (BSS)
The Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

The interfaces defined between each of these sub systems include:

A interface between NSS and BSS
Abis interface between BSC and BTS (Within the BSS)
Um air interface between the BSS and the MS

Institute
ZAC Technical Institute
Abis
Interface
Interface

GSM Frequency Concepts

GSM Call Setup

MS Mobile Station = phone + SIM card
BTS Base Transceiver Station
BSC Base Station Controller
HLR Home Location Register
MSC Mobile services Switching Centre
VLR Visitor Location Register
AUC Authentication Centre
Stand-alone or integrated in HLR
EIR Equipment Identity Register
For blacklisting stolen and unwanted
equipment
SMSC Short Message Service Support
Centre
VMS Voice Messaging System
PrePaid Node Hosting prepaid service system
IN Intelligent Network services
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange

MSC/VLR
Warid
Telenore
BSC
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
Mobilink PSTN
BSC

PrePaid
Node
VMS
HLR
MSC
w
AUC

MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
BSC
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
HLR
MSC BSC

MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
BSC
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
HLR
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
BSC
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
HLR
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
BSC
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
HLR
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC

Base Station Controller
The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and
is forwarded to MSC.
After call is established, the BSC will perform
decoding of the call (in typical config.)

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

Checks A number.
To whom is A subscriber calling?
(Checks B number)
Example : A subscriber has prepaid
number.
MSC

Mobile Switching Centre


BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

Does the A subscriber have
money left on his/her account?
When the call is established and
on-going the subscribers
account is decremented
accordingly.
PrePaid Node

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network

BSC
HLR
MSC
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
Where is the B subscriber?
MSC interrogates in HLR.
(HLR = Home Location Register)
MSC

BSC
HLR
MSC
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

HLR says I am the home of the B
subscriber and I know where he/she is
right now (i.e. which VLR)
Tells this VLR Give me a visitor address
for this subscriber (Roaming Number)

HLR

Home Location Register

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

Hosting MSC/VLR returns TEMPORARILY
assigned visitor/roaming address for B-
subscriber to HLR.
MSC


BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

Thanks for the visitor address!
I will send this address to the MSC
that requested for it.
HLR

Home Location Register

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

Thank you, HLR!
Speech connection path will set up
now towards the MSC/VLR where the
B subscriber is presently located.
MSC


BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

Sets up a speech connection towards BSC.
Delivers B-subscriber ID to BSC and asks
to page for the subscriber using that ID.
MSC


BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

BSC now sends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs
that it covers/controls.
Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to
MSC.
Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best
available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for
called MS.
Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established.
BSC

Base Station Controller

BSC
HLR
MSC
MSC BSC
PABX
PSTN
International
PSTN
Fixed Network
IN
PrePaid
VMS
Voicemail
SMSC
EIR
INTERNET

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GSM (Global System for

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