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CELLULAR CONCEPT
SHUSHRUTHA K S
Provide additional radio capacity
with no additional increase in radio
spectrum
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INTRODUCTION
Early mobile radio system was to achieve a
large coverage areas by using high powered
transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall
tower
In this case it is impossible to reuse those same
frequencies throughout the system
Since any attempts to achieve frequency reuse
would result in interference
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Cont..
Cellular concept is a system level idea which calls for
replacing a single , high power transmitter with low power
small transmitters with each providing coverage to only a
small portion of service area
Each base station is allocated a portion of total no of channels
available to entire system
Nearby base station are assigned different groups of channels
so that all the available channels are assigned to a relatively
small no. of neighboring base stations
Nearby BS are assigned different groups of channel so that
interference bt. BS is minimized

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THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

Cluster of 7 cells
Cells
seven groups of channel from A to G
footprint of a cell - actual radio coverage
omni-directional antenna v.s. directional antenna

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possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cell
cell
segmentation of the area into cells
CELLULAR NETWORK
use of several carrier frequencies
not the same frequency in adjoining cells
cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user
density, geography, transceiver power etc.
hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on
geography)
if a mobile user changes cells
handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
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FREQUENCY REUSE
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within
a small geographic area called a cell.
Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of the cell, the
channel groups may be reused to cover different cells.
Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
Frequency reuse or frequency planning

The design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all of the cellular base station within a system is
FREQUENCY REUSE/PLANNING
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Consider a cellular system which has a total of S duplex channels.
Each cell is allocated a group of k channels, .
The S channels are divided among N cells.
The total number of available radio channels

The N cells which use the complete set of channels is called cluster.
The cluster can be repeated M times within the system. The total
number of channels, C, is used as a measure of capacity

The capacity is directly proportional to the number of replication M.
The cluster size, N, is typically equal to 4, 7, or 12.
Small N is desirable to maximize capacity.
The frequency reuse factor is given by

S k
kN S
MS MkN C
N / 1
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Hexagonal geometry has
exactly six equidistance neighbors
the lines joining the centers of any cell and each of its neighbors are
separated by multiples of 60 degrees.
Only certain cluster sizes and cell layout are possible.
The number of cells per cluster, N, can only have values which satisfy


Co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, ex, i=3 and j=2.

2 2
j ij i N
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CLUSTER SIZES AND CELL LAYOUT

A
B
C
A
C
A
C
A
B
C
A F
E
G
D
E
F
D E
The factor N is called the cluster size and is given N=i
2
+ij+j
2


Eg for i=1,j=1
Eg for i=2,j=1
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A
A
A
A
A
A
A
i
j
i=1, j=2 , N=1+2+4=7
CLUSTER SIZES AND CELL LAYOUT

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CELL REUSE
EXAMPLE (N=19)
Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. In this example, N = 19 (i.e., I = 3, j = 2). (Adapted
from [Oet83] IEEE.)
To find the nearest co-channel
neighbor of a particular cell
1. Move i cells along any
chain of hexagons
2. Then turn 60 degrees
counter-clockwise and
3. Move j cells.
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ADVANTAGES
Solves the problem of spectral congestion and
user capacity.
Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum
without major technological changes.
Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
Enable a fix number of channels to serve an
arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.

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CAPACITY EXPANSION IN CELLULAR
SYSTEM
Techniques to provide more channels per
coverage area is by
Cell splitting
Cell sectoring
Coverage zone approches

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Cell splitting increases the capacity of cellular system
since it increases the number of times the channel are
reused
Cell splitting - defining new cells which have smaller
radius than orginal cells by installing these smaller
cells called MICROCELLS between existing cells
Capacity increases due to additional number of
channels per unit area



Cell splitting is process of subdividing a congested cell into
smaller cells each with its own base station(with
corresponding reduction in antenna height and tx power)
CELL SPLITTING
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CELL SPLITTING
Split congested cell into smaller cells.
Preserve frequency reuse plan.
Reduce transmission power.

microcell
Reduce R to R/2
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Transmission power reduction from to
Examining the receiving power at the new and old cell boundary



If we take n = 4 (path loss) and set the received power equal to each
other


The transmit power must be reduced by 12 dB in order to fill in the
original coverage area.
Problem:
if only part of the cells are splited
Different cell sizes will exist simultaneously
Handoff issues - high speed and low speed traffic can be
simultaneously accommodated

1 t
P
2 t
P
n
t r
R P P

1
] boundary cell old at [
n
t r
R P P

) 2 / ( ] boundary cell new at [
2
16
P
P
1 t
2 t

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Illustration of cell splitting within a 3 km by 3 km square
CELL SPLITTING
Splitting cells in each CELL
Antenna downtiliting
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2.7.2 Sectoring
Decrease the co-channel interference and keep the cell radius R
unchanged
Replacing single omni-directional antenna by several directional
antennas
Radiating within a specified sector

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Interference Reduction

position of the
mobile
interference
cells
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2.7.3 Microcell Zone Concept
Antennas are placed at the outer edges of the cell
Any channel may be assigned to any zone by the base station
Mobile is served by the zone with the strongest signal.

Handoff within a cell
No channel re-
assignment
Switch the channel to
a different zone site
Reduce interference
Low power
transmitters are
employed

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Channel Assignment Strategies
Frequency reuse scheme
increases capacity
minimize interference
Channel assignment strategy
fixed channel assignment
dynamic channel assignment
Fixed channel assignment
each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channel
any new call attempt can only be served by the unused channels
the call will be blocked if all channels in that cell are occupied
Dynamic channel assignment
channels are not allocated to cells permanently.
allocate channels based on request.
reduce the likelihood of blocking, increase capacity.
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