MULTIPLE EFFECT

EVAPORATOR
Prof.Dr.Ir.Achmad Roesyadi,M.Eng
Step By Step
1. Assume values for the temperatures of the first and second
effects.
2. By means of heat-balance equations across each effect,
determine the evaporation in each effect.
3. By means of the rate equations, calculate the heating surface
needed for each effect.
4. If the heating surfaces so determined are not essentially equal
for the three effects, redistribute the temperature drops and
repeat items 2 and 3 till the heating surfaces are equal.
The second trial can usually be made to give the desired
result, so the method is not unreasonably tedious.
If the liquids has an appreciable boiling-point elevation
(with consequent effects on enthalpies), no rigorous solution is
possible because the relation between concentration, pressure,
boiling-point elevations, and enthalpies cannot be simply
formulated mathematically. A series of approximations makes
the trial-and-error method fairly direct.
1. From the known terminal conditions, find the boiling point and enthalpies
for the last effect
2. Assume the amount of evaporation in the first and second effects. Since
for moderately dilute solutions the slope of the Dhring lines is nearly
unity (the boiling-point elevation is nearly independent of pressure), this
gives approximate compositions and approximate boiling-point
elevations.
3. Since all elevations are now known, the working effective temperature
drop may be determined and distributed among the effects.
4. By means of heat-balance equations, calculate the evaporation in the first
and second effects. If these differ appreciably from those assumed in step
2, repeat steps 2 and 3 with the amounts of evaporation just calculated.
5. By means of rate equations, calculate the surface required
for each effect.
6. If the heating surfaces are not essentially equal for the three
effects, revise the temperature distribution of step 3. Unless
boiling-point elevations are very large, this will not alter
appreciably the elevations assumed in step 2.
7. Repeat these adjustments till the heating surfaces are equal.
The second revision will usually give the required answer.

Example 5-5
A triple-effect forced-circulation evaporator is to concentrate a 10 per cent
solution of sodium hyroxide to 50 per cent. The feed is to be at 100F and
is to be of such an amount as to contain 5 tons NaOH per hour. Steam is
available at 236F (23.2 psia), and a vacuum of 28 in. (referred to a 30-in.
barometer) may be maintained on the last effect. Heat-transfer coefficients
may be assumed to be U
1
= 1100, U
2
= 600, U
3
= 400. Forward feed is to
be used. Radiation losses and losses by entrainment may be neglected.
Condensate may be assumed to leave at he saturation temperature of the
steam. What heating surface must be used (all effects have the same
surfaces) and what is the steam consumption? What is the evaporation per
pound of steam?
F =100,000
X
F
= 0.10
T
F
= 100
h
F
= 60

t
c

1
= 238C
h
c

1
= 204
t
c

2

h
c

2

t
c

3

h
c

3

I II III
L
1
= F V
1
t
L

1
x
1
h
1
L
2
= F V
2
t
L

2
x
2
h
2
L
2
= 20,000

t
L

3
x
3
= 0.50

h
3
= 202

V
1
Y
1 = 0
t
V

1
H
1
V
2
Y
2 = 0
t
V

2
H
2
V
3
Y
3 = 0
t
V

3
H
3
H
S
=1159
t
S
= 236

Solution.
The data given directly are
t
S
= 236F x
F
= 0.10
t
F
= 100F x
1
= 0.50
From the steam tables h
F
= 60 Btu/lb
H
s
= 1159 Btu/lb (latent heat = 955 Btu/lb)
h
3
= 202 Btu/b
TBW III = Saturation temperature (for water) in III = 101F
Weight of feed, thick liquor, and evaporation :
Evaporation = 80,000 lb/hr = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
To determine the temperature drop available, it is necessary to know the elevations in
boiling point ; but to determine these he concentrations in I and II must be known
Neraca massa :
Asumsi awal :
< <
anggap :
TBW Tlarutan KTD
DISTRIBUSI
T
F : 100.000 X
f
= 0.1 Ts = 236
I
V
1
: 25.500 F . X
f
= L
1
. X
1
200 209 9 12

L
1
:

74.500 X
1
= 0.134 assumed assumed
II
V
2
: 26.700 F . X
f
= L
2
. X
2
150 165 15 12

L
2
: 47.800 X
2
= 0.218 assumed

V
3
: 27.800 F . X
f
= L
3
. X
3
101 171 70 17
III
L
3
: 20.000 X
3
= 0.5 assumed

TOTAL T 135 - 94 41
T TOTAL KTD = Efektif
Neraca Panas
1
st
Effect
2
nd
Effect
3
rd
Effect
=
=
=
; ;
didapat :
dan
(25.500)
(26.700)
(27.800)
CATATAN : 1) ,H
v
dicari dari Steam Table
2) h
l
dicari dengan grafik Enthalpy Concentration Chart

3) Superheat dihitung : C
p
x KTD


T

Super Heat
+ sp hl Hv Cp T
F sp.
S ke I 236 955 0 955 - 1159
T1 12
T larutan I 224 - - - 171 -
KTD I 9
V1 ke II
215

TBW1 968 4 972 - 1156
T2 12
T larutan II 203 - - - 147 -
KTD II 15
V2 ke III
188

TBW2 985 8 993 - 1149
T3 17
T larutan III 171 - - - 202 -
KTD III 70
V3 ke Kondenser
101

TBW3 1037 31 1069 - 1138
Menghitung Luas
dari
=
=
=
=
Karena maka prosedur distribusi T harus diulang
Catatan : Perubahan T ini tidak banyak mempengaruhi KTD
Kondisi data ditabelkan kembali
CATATAN : 1) ,H
v
dicari dari Steam Table
2) h
l
dicari dengan grafik Enthalpy Concentration Chart

3) Superheat dihitung : C
p
x KTD


T

Super Heat
+ sp hl Hv Cp T
F sp.
S ke I 236 955 0 955 - 1159
T1 10
T larutan I 226 - - - 171 -
KTD I 9
V1 ke II
217

TBW1 967 4 971 - 1156
T2 12
T larutan II 205 - - - 149 -
KTD II 15
V2 ke III
190

TBW2 984 9 993 - 1151
T3 19
T larutan III 171 - - - 202 -
KTD III 70
V3 ke Kondenser
101

TBW3 1037 31 1069 - 1138
Neraca Panas

= 1).
2).

=
3).
=
didapat :
dan
Menghitung A kembali :
(error 3,5% < 5%)
HASIL DAPAT DITERIMA