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MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Classification of Materials

Metals and Alloys
Ceramic, Glass, and Glass-ceramics
Polymers (plastics) and Thermoplastics
Semiconductors
Composite Materials
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Types of Loadings
Tensile Loading
Compressive Loading
Shear Loading
Torsion Loading
Tension Compression
Shear
Torsion
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Stress
A stress is a measure of the force in a
component relative to the cross-sectional
area over which the force is applied.
= Force per unit area

F
A
s = F/A
(units: N/m
2
or Pascal (Pa), psi)
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Strain
Strain is a measure of deformation (either elastic or
permanent).
= Change in length per unit original length
e = DL / L0
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Important Properties of Material
Strength
Elasticity
Ductility
Hardness
Resilience
Toughness
Creep

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Tensile Test
The most common way to assess the mechanical
property of a material (strength and ductility) is the
tensile test which measures the resistance of material to
a static or slowly applied force.





(b)
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Sequence of Events of a Tensile-
Test Specimen
(a) Early stage of necking
(b) Small voids begin to form within the necked region;
(c) Voids coalesce, producing an internal crack;
(d) Rest of the cross-section begins to fail at the periphery,
by shearing
(e) Final fracture surfaces, known as cup- (top fracture
surface) and cone- (bottom surface) fracture.
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Tensile Stress-Stain Curve

STRAIN
S
T
R
E
S
S

The resulting information is used to plot a graph which is
called stress strain curve to assess strength and
deformability

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Elastic Deformation
Associated with stretching
but not breaking the
chemical bonds between
atoms in a solid


Elastic deformation is
recovered immediately
upon unloading.
LOAD
UNLOAD
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Plastic Deformation
Atoms change neighbors,
returning to a stable
configuration with new
neighbors after the
dislocation has passed.


Plastic deformation is not
recovered upon unloading
and is therefore
permanent.
LOAD
UNLOAD
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Elastic Vs Plastic Deformation
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Proportional Limit


PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
A
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Beyond this stress level A:

stress & strain are no longer
proportional to each other.

The metal is no longer completely
elastic.

E
L
A
S
T
I
C

R
A
N
G
E

STRAIN
S
T
R
E
S
S

Elastic Range is the:
Stress up to the proportional limit.
The max stress developed which causes no
permanent deformation when the force is
removed.

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Modulus of Elasticity

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
A
E
L
A
S
T
I
C

R
A
N
G
E

ELASTIC DEORMATIOON
S
T
R
E
S
S

STRAIN
Slope of the straight line portion

Mod of Elasticity is the ratio b/w
Proportional limit stress and the
corresponding strain.

Tan = E = a/b


MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
E
a
b
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Resilience
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
A
E
L
A
S
T
I
C

R
A
N
G
E

ELASTIC DEORMATIOON
S
T
R
E
S
S

STRAIN
Ability to absorb energy in elastic
range.

Area under the stress strain curve
up to the proportional limit.
a
b
RESILIENCE
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Yield Stress
YIELD POINT
A
ELASTIC DEORMATIOON
The stress at which rapid increase
in permanent strain occurs.
Y
I
E
L
D

S
T
R
E
S
S

S
T
R
E
S
S

STRAIN
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Ultimate Stress
A
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
RESILENCE U
L
T
I
M
A
T
E

S
T
R
E
N
G
T
H

The highest engineering stress
that a material can with stand before
fracture.
FRACTURE POINT
PLASTIC RANGE
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Strength
Strength is the ability of a material to resist stress
without failure.
It is the ability of a material to return to its original size
and shape after removal of a applied force.
Elasticity
Ductility
A measure of a materials ability to be stretched or
drawn (plastically)
Measurements: Percent elongation or reduction in
area
The higher the %elongation, the more ductile and
formable the material is.
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Ductile Fracture Surface
ANSI 304 SS
1000x
Microvoids
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Cup-and-cone Fracture in Al

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Brittle
It is opposite to ductility.
Brittle materials don't change shape readily under load.
Normally they fail with little or no warning.

Examples : - Glass and Concrete etc

Brittle Fracture
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Ductile vs. Brittle Failure
Adapted from Fig. 8.3, Callister 7e.
cup-and-cone fracture brittle fracture
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Comparison of Graph
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Hardness
Hardness is the ability of material
to resist indentation or abrasion.
It is most commonly measured by
the Brinell Test
BRINELL HARDNESS
TESTER
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Resilience
x
YS
PL x
Resilience
Amount of energy necessary
to deform the material to the
proportional limit (PL).

The resistance of a material
to permanent deformation.
= Area under the elastic
portion of the S-S curve.
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Amount of energy necessary to cause fracture
The resistance of a material
to fracture

= Area under the elastic and
plastic portions of the S-S
curve.
Unit = N
.
m/m
3
, Joule/m
3
(energy per unit volume of material)
PL x
x
YS
Toughness
Toughness
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Creep
Creep is that property which
causes some material under
stress to deform slowly but
progressively over a period
of time.

It is Time-dependent
inelastic deformation.


(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Thomson Learning

is a trademark used herein under license.

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Malleability
Malleability is that property of
a material that enable it to
undergo great change in shape
without rupture under
compressive stress.

For example, copper,
aluminum, or wrought iron
being hammered into various
shapes or steel being rolled
into structural shapes or sheets


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Can you find .?
Most brittle material
Compare strength
Yield strength
Ultimate strength
Fractural strength
Toughest material
Most resilience
material