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1
In the name of
ALLAH, the most
gracious, the most
merciful
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O my Lord! e!and me my chest"

#ase my tas$ for me" and

%emo&e the im!ediment from my

s!eech,

So they may understand what I say.

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*e+nition of Stress
Stress is de+ned as the
internally distri,uted forces
that resist a change in the
,ody-
It is measured in Pound Per S.uare
Inch /Psi0
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O%
Stress is a measure of the
internal force !er unit
area generated 1hen some
material is su,2ected to a
load
In other 1ords, it3s the
intensity of internal forces
created 1hen eternal
loads cause the material to
deform-
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Force ,asically starts from !oint of a!!lication

and runs through the 1hole ,ody-

#4ect of force on entire ,ody is ,asic concern-

*id the failure occur due to a!!lied force only

or some other reason as 1ell5
A!!lication of Force
F
F
A
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6ross Sectional Area

'o of inner surfaces of the ,ody

de+nes the cross sections of the
,ody-

Force is acting through the cross

sectional area-

6ross sections may lie

at di4erent angles to the a!!lied force
,ut 1e 1ill restrict our discussion
to sections !er!endicular and !arallel
to the a!!lied force-
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Free-7ody *iagrams
6onsider ,ar em,edded in ,ric$ 1all 1ith aial force F a!!lied at its end-
F
F

Free-body diagram: pictorial representation used for analysis that

shows all forces acting on an object
F
If the bar is stationary,
the wall must produce
a reaction force equal
and opposite to the
applied force
F F
F
F
!ince bar is in equilibrium, e"ery portion
of the bar is also in equilibrium
L
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*eformation *e!ends On 8o1 Force
Is *istri,uted!
S 9 F:A /Force:Area0
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A;IAL, 7#'*I'<,
S8#A% = (O%SIO'AL
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Aial Stresses

Forces which try to

pull the body apart are
called tensile forces,
resulting in stresses
known as
tensile stresses />t0-

It acts on a plane
perpendicular
to the Load
t 9 F: A
(ensile Stress /Pulling0
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If forces acting on a body are

pushing against each other, body
is said to be in com!ression.

It also acts perpendicular to the plane.

c 9 F : A
6om!ressi&e Stress /Pushing0
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If loads are acting parallel to the
plane of the structure, but not
passing through the same axis,
they are known
as shear loads and resulting
stresses
are called shear stresses.
Shear
Stress/Slicing0
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If forces act on a !iece of material
in such a 1ay that it induces
com!ressi&e stress o&er one !art of
cross ?section and tensile stress
o&er the remaining !art, the !iece
is said to ,e in ,ending
7ending
#c$2%%& 'roo(s)*ole, a di"ision of +homson ,earning, Inc +homson ,earning
-
is a trademar( used herein under license
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P P
6om!ressio
n
(ension
<ra!hical %e!resentation
!tress distribution
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(he t1isting
action of one
section of a
,ody 1ith
res!ect to a
continuous
section is
termed as
torsion
(orsion
!tress distribution
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P%O7L#MS
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SOL@(IO'
.ffecti"e length #/$ 0 2% 1 2ia-------#2$
2iameter 0 radius 3 2
4adius 0 5 inch
2ia 0 562 0 7 inch
8utting "alue of 2ia in eqn 2
.ffecti"e length #/$ 0 2% 1 7 0 12 inch
!+4.!!08)/-----#*$
809%% lbs
/rea0 :
!ide / 0 2% inch
!ide ' 0 9 inch
4adius 0 5 inch
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SOL@(IO' /6O'(3*0
/rea 0 12 3 9
0 ;% inch
2
8utting "alues of 8 and /rea in eqn *
< !+4.!! 0 8)/
0 9%% ) ;%
0 7& psi
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SOL@(IO'
!+4.!! 0 8 ) /
8 0 1%% lbs
/rea 0 #pi$ r
2
4adius #r$ 0 2 inch
!o,
/rea 0 &15 3 5
0 129; inch
2
!+4.!! 0 1%% ) 129;
!+4.!! 0 =>; psi

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Ahat is Stress
6oncentration

A hole, cutout, 1eld Ba1, nic$s, crac$s and other

discontinuities in a material $no1n as CStress
%aisers3 result in an increase in the a&erage
stress in the &icinity of that discontinuity $no1n
as Stress 6oncentration-

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ASS@MP(IO'S :
LIMI(A(IO'S
*IS6@SSIO' %#MAI'S
%#S(%I6(#* (O D-

6ircular and elli!tical

discontinuities

Mem,er is E-*imensional

(he e4ect of Stress

6oncentration factor /F0 is
analyGed on the !eri!hery of the
discontinuity and 'O( on the
,ody as a 1hole
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Stress 6oncentrations in an
Airframe
Fillets
Rivets
Holes
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Stress 6oncentration
Factor
F 9
F is the Stress 6oncentration Factor
H /Ma0 is the Ma Stress 1ith
discontinuity
H/A&g0 is the Stress 1ithout discontinuity

H /Ma0
H /A&g0
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Flo1 o&er a cylinder in a
1ind tunnel
8o1 Stress 6oncentration
Occurs
Ielocity increases around
cylinder
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8o1 Stress 6oncentration
Occurs
8 8
Stress Lines around a hole in a
uniform !late
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8o1 Stress 6oncentration
Occurs
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Stress 6oncentration @nder
PolariGed Light
&5
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Stress 6oncentration
6alculation

(he stress concentration factor CF3 is al1ays

greater than J- FKJ

*etermined on the ,asis of geometric sha!e-

Inde!endent of the ty!e of material-

F is inde!endent of the siGe of the discontinuity-

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8o1 to 6alculate Stress
6oncentration
a
8
b
8
K = 1 + 2 (a/b)
a 0 side perpendicular to load
b 0 side parallel to load
Note: Formula is applicable for circular and o"al discontinuities only
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a 0 % ? b 0 1
@ 0 1
a 0 1 ? b 0 1
@ 0 &
8arallel *rac( 8erpendicular *rac( 4ound Aole
a 0 1 ? b 0 %
@ 0 B
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6onclusion

Stress concentrates locally around

shar! discontinuities in structurally
loaded mem,er-

Shar!er the discontinuity or stress

raiser greater the stress
concentration-

6rac$s in a material can ,e sto!!ed

,y drilling a hole-

Stress concentration factor reduces

the material strength ,y the ratio
J:F-
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Questions
Questions