TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

SECUYA, JEROME N.

BAGUION,MARY
ANTONIETTE P.

FLORENTINO, CHAY
SHANNAH C.

DEL ROSARIO,
MAYBELLE L.

SALAZAR, MERLI
GRACE

CABALLERO, JOHN
HENRYSON C.

GUMAHIN, IAN

VILLANUEVA,
GABRIELLE A.

PARRILLA, PRINCE
NIKKO C.

BARRINA, THEA A.

BAGUION, CHRISTY
ROSE M.
ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS

UNIFORMITY- includes the prohibition to use
unofficial signs and markings.

HOMOGENITY- requires that in the same conditions,
the user notices signs or marking with the same
value, same importance and located according to the
same rules.

SIMPLICITY- is to avoid superabundance of that
over strain the drivers having the tendency to neglect
the given instructions. Sometimes drivers cannot
read, understand, or register the meaning of the
signs or markings.
ROAD SIGNS OBJECTIVE:
1. To lead to a safest road traffic.
2. To facilitate this traffic
3. To indicate or to remind some particular traffic rules.
4. To inform the drivers how to use the highway.

DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF SIGNALING DEVICES

1. Road traffic signs
2. Road traffic signals
3. Pavement markings
4. Guide posts and delineators
ROAD SIGNS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING
CATEGORIES.

1. Danger Warning Signs
2. Intersection Signs
3. Prescription Signs
a. Prohibitive
b. Obligation
4. General Information Signs
5. Direction Signs
6. Agglomeration Signs
7. Railway Crossing Signs
8. Temporary Signs (on road works)
9. Special Instruction Signs

OBJECTIVES OF SIGNALING DEVICES

1. To inform
2. To prevent
3. To guide
4. Act as a liaison agents between the driver and the
highway alignment.

Visibility and Legibility depends on three parameters.

1. DETECTION- Is the minimum area in contrast with the
environment perceptibility by human eye.
2. IDENTIFICATION- Is an analysis of the form and color of the road
signs to understand the message it conveys.

3. READING- Is the fundamental role of road signs conforming to
alpha numerical language or by the symbol of information transmitted
to the driver.

STANDARD FORM AND SIZE OF ROAD SIGNS IN CENTIMETERS

TYPE TRIANGLE
SIDE
CIRCLE
DIAMETER
OCTAGON
WIDTH
SQUARE
SIDE
Very Big 150 125 120 105
Big Size 125 105 100 90
Normal Size 100 85 80 70
Small Size 70 65 60 50
Very Small 50 45 40 35













BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ROAD SIGNS
-is to be perceived clearly by a driver traveling relatively high
speed, whose attention is solicited by the driving requirements.

Valorization Principle means to use only the needed and useful
signs. Too many road signs lessen its efficiency. Regulatory and
warning signs should be installed sparingly because excessive
use of these signs will only decrease their authority.

Concentration Principle. When it is necessary that some road
signs must be seen at the same time, they should be installed
for the driver to see at a glance by night and day. The signs must
be set on the same post when the two indications relating to the
same point are complementary. for, instance, traffic signal ahead
and the pedestrian crossing. This concentration principle
however, is limited by the legibility principle.
Legibility Principle. Excessive efforts of reading or memory
works cannot be required from the driver. The indications or
analogical messages should be reduced, and if necessary, road signs
should be properly distributed. Experienced proved that average
observer cannot see and understand at a glance more than two
symbols at a time.


WARNING (DANGER) SIGN

Warning Sign is used to warn traffic of potentially hazardous
conditions on or adjacent to the roadway. Warning Sign is always
Triangular in Shape with one Vertical Angle and dark blue symbol, two
boarders one white and red with reflectorized white background.
(images)
Objectives of Warning Signs

-is to attract drivers attention in the areas where his
watchfulness has to increase on account of the obstacles
or of the dangerous points linked to:
1. The highway structure such as curves, humps, dips and
narrowing.
2. Conditions of the road such as slippery, falling rocks and
the like.
3. Other transport infrastructure like opening bridge, airport
vicinity, railway crossing etc.
4. The condition of vehicles and pedestrian traffic,
pedestrian crossing, children area, two-lane highway after
a multi-lane highway.
5. Local circumstances such as: factory exit, quarry exit
etc.
Pedestrian Crossing Dangerous Left Curve




Two way Road Dangerous Right Curve




Road Under Repair Left Curve Symbol

Right Curve Symbol Hill Truck Sign




Left Lane Ends Symbol Slow Down Children Crossing




Right Lane Ends Symbol
Fixed Message Signs Includes:
1. Detailed direction to motorist of the freeways and warning
signs regarding destination and lane occupancy.
2. Signs to notify motorists of the changes in directions.
3. For low volume rural roads, only directional and kilometric
signs installed at intersections and also signs for dangerous
conditions.

Installation of Regulatory and Warning Signs.
1. For oversized signs on expressway and freeways, white
letter on green background with white border is
recommended.
2. Large sizes of signs are effective on expressway or where
speed, hazard, accident experience or competition from
lights or other signs is extreme.
3. Excessive use of large signs should be avoided because it
makes the regular sizes less effective.
4. Non-reflectorized signs are satisfactory for most school zone
markings, parking control, men working and other temporary warnings
that are effective only in daytime or illuminated by street lighting.
5. The Traffic Manual suggest that two signs, one black on white,
unreflectorized and other white on black reflectorized be mounted on
the same stranded where speed limits differ between day and night.
6. Signs with significance at night should be illuminated or
reflectorized.
7. The sign message must be simple. The driver in so short a time
available looking at sign messages cannot observe and assimilate
large amount of information printed on it.
8. An expressway of freeways usually have two messages and no
more than three regarding directions or destination should appear on a
single signboard.

o EFFECTIVENESS OF ROAD SIGNS
1. General Rule
When the vehicles approaches an intersection from
different roads, the driver on the left should yield the right of way
to the vehicle on the right expect as otherwise hereinafter
provided.

2. Priority Road
Any vehicle running on this type of road has always the
right of way against the vehicle coming from the right or from the
left, except as otherwise provided.

3. Non-Priority Road
The driver of any vehicle entering a highway from private
road shall yield the right of way to way to all vehicles
approaching entering or in the intersection.


The Philippines road signs manuals (Revised Edition
1982) proposes no less than 22 traffic sign combinations for
junctions and intersections. It is too much number giving the
drivers more confusion. The proposal is to use only six types
of intersection signs for simplicity.

EXCEPTION TO THE RIGHT OF WAY RULES
1. Vehicles drivers entering a highway from private road
must yield the right of way to all vehicles approaching on
such highway.
2. Driver of vehicle upon highway of any category must
yield the right of way to police or fire department vehicles and
ambulances operating on official business and the driver
thereof sounding audible signal of their approaches.





3. The indications of traffic signals or the orders of a traffic
officer, prevails against the right of ways rules.

In an intersection where some flows of traffic can be
in conflict, it is suggested that the drivers must be:
1. Notified in time of the existence of intersection.
2. Informed of the applicable right of ways rules.
3. Able to see the vehicles approaching upon the other
roads.
LOCATION OF THE INTERSECTION SIGNS
On Rural Areas, the normal distance between
the intersections and the warning signs is 150 meters.
This distance can be modified according to site
conditions and the free operating speed. It can reach
up to 400 meters on highways with good visibility and
where the speed can be high. There are exceptional
cases where two very near successive intersections
can justify location distance shorter than 100 meters.
When signs are located more than 200 meters
from an intersection, it should be repeated at half
distance, and the two signs should be equipped with
distance sign.
DISTANCE INDICATION SIGN

-Road signs located between 100 meters and
200 meters before an intersection do not have
distance sign. Where the distance is shorter than 100
meter or greater than 200 it should be indicated on
the distance sign. The distance is rounded to the
nearest 50 meters if it is greater than 200 meters.
Between 50 and 100 meters it is rounded to 50 or
100.
-In Urban Areas, the distance between the
successive intersections is variable including the
warning signs.

SIGHT TRIANGLES
-is associated to each conflict point between
two vehicles flows. The summits of this triangle are
the conflict point, and the limit from where the drivers
must notice an adverse vehicle.

GIVE-WAY
- is applied only to the vehicles on the
secondary road. However, it is necessary to check if
the vehicles on the secondary road have the visibility
corresponding to the execution at the crossing or
intersection maneuver.

FORMS OF INTERSECTION SIGNS
1. Triangular in shape with one angle vertical.
2. Triangular shape with one angle at the bottom.
3. Square and octagonal shape.

Prescription Sign
-informs the drivers of the traffic laws and
regulations that could be an offense to anyone who
disregard and violate it.

a) Prohibitive signs
b) Obligation signs
c) End of prescription signs

Stop Sign No Left Turn Private Road




No U Turn No Right Turn




No Parking No Pedestrian Crossing

OBLIGATION SIGN
Obligation signs are circular in shape. The
background is dark blue. The symbols and border is
white. If the administration enforces prohibition or an
obligation sign, it has to inform the driver the end of
this restriction to the highway use.

The end of all prohibition signs is also circular in shape
and represents the same bar sign obligation symbol. A red
bar from the right top to the left bottom cancels this
obligation. The R4-2 informs the drivers of the end of all
the previous prescriptions. However, it does not include
the law that prescribes the national speed limit.

The R4 notifies the driver of the end of all particular speed
limits other than those defined by the general laws, speed
limits previously applied to all vehicles or only to one or
several categories. The sign should not be set up on the
road where the speed limit is greater or smaller than the
prescribed by the general rules.

DIRECTION SIGNS
Direction signs are divided into four categories
1. Advance direction sign
2. Intersection direction sign
3. Reassurance of confirmatory sign
4. Entering and Exit of urban area

These four categories are well defined in the
Philippine Road Signs Manual. In Europe, a different
green is used for background of the sign. It is more
intense with an emerald tint.


Entering and Exiting Areas
it is necessary to advise all vehicle drivers that they are
entering an urban area where the condition of traffic is
different. The driver should be informed that he is entering
the city proper. It helps a lot for proper directional use, it will
also give benefit for drivers safety.
The objectives of this sign is to give the driver miscellaneous
information useful in his driving and general knowledge.
Informative signs may include red symbols and bar notifying the
end of prohibitions etc.

Material Requirements
Sign Panels for warning, regulatory and informative signs are
manufactured from aluminum sheeting of at least 3 mm in
thickness. The Reflective Sheet used for road signs consist of
spherical lens elements embedded in transparent plastic
having smooth, flat surface with protective pre-coat adhesive
which are pressure sensitive for manual application or track
free heat activated for mechanical vacuum heat application.


PLACEMENT OF SIGNS
The position of individual sign depends upon its purpose
and circumstances peculiar to its location. If possible,
location should be standardized. Positioning provides
another set of cues to motorists. The Manual
recommended the positions for all situations to wit.

1. Warning, Regulatory and Advisory signs for rural roads are
mounted 1.80 to 3.60 meters from the pavement edge with
the bottom of the sign 1.50 meters or more above the
roadway.
2. On high-speed roads, warning signs are posted as much as
450 meters ahead of the hazards.
3. Rural road warning sign distance should be placed about
250 meters in urban areas.

4. A horizontal clearance not less than 60 cm between the
curb face near the edge of the sign a minimum height of
2.10 meters above the curb is prescribed where vehicles
may park along the curb.
5. Sign positioning must fall within the drivers field of view so
that drivers may not be looking away from the roadway.
6. If the signs are not illuminated, they must appear in the
headlight to be effective at night
TRAFFIC SIGNALS
Traffic signal is defined as all power operated traffic control
devices, except flashers, signs and markings for directing
or warning motorist, cyclist, or pedestrians.

Each of these different types of signals serves as one or
more of the following functions:
1. Provide orderly movements of traffic.
2. Increase the traffic handling capacity of intersections.
3. Reduce the frequency of certain types of accident.

4. Coordinate traffic under conditions of favorable signal
spacing so that it flows nearly continuously at definite
speed.
5. Interrupt heavy traffic to permit crossings by other
vehicles or pedestrians.
6. Control the traffic lane use.
7. Provide ramp control at freeway entrances.
8. Interrupt traffic for emergency vehicles and at movable
bridges.

TRAFFIC SIGNALS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
1. Pre-Timed Signals
where traffic time
intervals are divided to
the various traffic
movements.
2. Traffic Activated where
time intervals are
controlled as a whole or
in part by traffic
demands.

Location of Signals

1. A distance of 12 to 36 meters beyond the top line for typical
right angle intersections far aside by mast arm or cable
suspended locations.
2. If both signals are post mounted, install on the far side, one
on the right and the other on the left or median.
3. The angles between the drivers normal sight direction,
either of the signal faces should not be more than 20%
angle.
4. The Uniform Vehicle Code prohibits illuminated advertising
signs that interfere with the effectiveness of traffic control
devices. The Manual recommended that local government
legal authority should prohibit them.

The 4 Systems of Coordination are:

1. Simultaneous Coordination makes all color indications
along the street alike at the same time.
2. In Alternative Coordination, all signal changes their
indications at the same time, but adjacent signals along the
street show different colors.
3. Limited Progressive Systems retains a common cycle
length providing separate GO at each intersection to
motor traffic progression.
4. Flexible Progressive System is provided with a master
control that commands the controller for the individual
signals.

The early road marking was first introduced in Wayne Country
of Michigan in the year 1911. After a decade, pavement
markings gained universal acceptance.

It was introduced to delineate
1. Roadway center line 7. Approach to obstruction
2. Line boundaries 8. Light rail or Bus clearance
3. No passing zone 9. Stop line
4. Pavement edges 10. Cross walks
5. Roadway transitions 11. Railroad crossings
6. Turning patterns 12. Parking limits
To be respected, pavement markings should be simple,
easy to understand, well designed and properly located.




Barrier Line is a continuous line that must not be crossed.
It is an impassable wall. All other broken lanes can be
crossed with or without care.
-Vienna Convention, 1968

Specific Use of Colors
a.) White is used where vehicles may cross.
b.) Yellow lines delineates the separation of traffic flows
c.) Dashed lines for directional lines such as center strips
on two lane highways and lane lines.
Excessive use of continues lines should be avoided when
it leads to the creation of artificial traffic bottlenecks or to a
noticeable decrease of the capacity on an important length
of road.
The Rules State that:
1. A continuous line should not be placed in sections
where the visibility is greater than the minimum length
for passing.
2. There should be no continuous line in the sections
where small width of travel way hinders the drivers to
respect the continuous lane.
3. The length of continuous line is strictly limited to the
indispensable length. The minimum length is: 30
meters in rural area and 20 meters in urban areas.

1. It must be cheaper to Install
2. Should be permanent
3. Must be readily visible day, and night, rain or snow
4. Even with standing on the pavement, the surface
markings should clearly transmit to the motorist in
the intended message.
5. Marking should not be destroyed by rain or dirt
removing equipment.
PAINT MATERIALS FOR STRIPPING
1. Modified alkyd resin with Titanium (white) or Lead
Chromite (yellow) pigment
2. The paint film thickness should be in a range of 0.15
inch with about 60% solid.
3. The paint coverage should be about one gallon per
100 meters of continues 10 cm. stripe
4. In addition, 2 t0 3 kilos of glass beads with an average
diameter of 0.5 mm per gallon is added to the paint or
by drop-in during application.
5. Re-stripping (re-painting) frequently depends on a
variety of factors reported to be as frequent as 3 times
per year where traffic is heavy.
6. Paint must dry after application at the rate of less than
60 seconds and not more than 3 minutes.
Composition of pavement paint solvent








The alcohol and acetone are mixed first then the oil is
added to form a clear solution at 21
o
c

Materials Composition by volume %
Raw tung oil 15%
Normal Butyl Alcohol

17%
Acetone cp (dimethyl ketone) 34%
Denatured Alcohol 34%
Composition of Paint vehicle




Composition of Paint Pigment

Materials Composition by weight %
Gum (East Indian DBB Boea) 35-37%
Solvent 63-65%
Materials Composition by
weight %
White
Composition by
weight %
Yellow
Titanium Dioxide
(anatese)
100%
Medium Chrome Yellow 66%
Para toner (Light) CP Note 1
Extender 34%
Composition of Paint

Materials Composition by
weight %
white
Composition by
weight %
Yellow
Pigment 42-45% 23%
Vehicle 55-58% 77%
Words, Letters, Arrows are also placed on the pavement
to notify the motorists that they are approaching hazard
zone such as railroads, school crossing, or to mark straight
through or turning lanes.

Symbols, Words or Numbers convey information such as
Speed limit ad the nearness of schools, hospitals, judiciary
courts and etc.

Pavement markings have been proven t effective in the
reduction of accident, and much is yet to be learned of the
drivers response.
BALLOTINI FOR REFLECTIVE ROAD PAINT
Ballotini consists of beads of good quality, optically, clean,
lead free glass with not less than 90% spherical and free
from flaws.

Reflective Pavement Stud is either Flush Surface or
Raised Profile Type. It shall support a vertical load of 1000
kg (KN)

The reflector on the other hand shall support a vertical load
of 1000 kg(KN).

Adhesive when raised profile type reflector is specified an
approved epoxy adhesive is used.

Cement Mortar shall consists of one part portland cement
to two parts fine aggregates mixed with water.
Guideposts are set to guide the drivers and to pinpoint a
particular or linear danger.

There are Six Types of Guideposts or Beacons.

1. Curve guide post
2. Intersection guidepost
3. Hazard marker
4. Nose marker
5. Delineator
6. Wind cone
Delineators are light reflecting device mounted on posts at
the side of the roadway in series to guide the driver along
the proper alignment.



Raised bars are sometimes called Jiggle Bars used
as channel device at the nose of traffic island to keep
the vehicles out of certain paved areas.

Rumble Strips are installed across the roadways to
alert the motorist as they approach a dangerous
situation like stop signs or abrupt changes in the
oncoming alignment, grade or profile.

Distance Marker markers that are usually made of
reinforced concrete indicating, the number of kilometer
distance from and to a specific place.

Kilometric markers were installed to assist the motorist in
estimating:
1. Travel progress
2. Pinpointing accidental loactions
3. Distinguishing the positions of structures such as bridge
and culverts
4. To identify road sections for cost accounting puposes.
5. To designate where maintenance is to be done.

-is generally designed to prevent a car from leaving
the highway or from colliding against an obstacle by
deflecting it so that it continues to move at reduced
velocity along the guardrail and in the normal
direction. Guardrail is designed to stop vehicles
whose weight is smaller than 1800 kg. The need for
guardrail s on fill is related to slope and height of
embankment. In the Philippines, guardrails are not
properly set and they may constitute additional road
hazards than safety devices. For instance:

1. The beginning of the guardrail sections are not
equipped with proper protection thereby constituting a
kind of sword or battering ram which can penetrate
inside the car during an impact.

2. Sometimes the rails are mounted too high becoming
seriously hazardous that could enter into the vehicle
and decapitate the car occupant.

3. The superimposition of the different elements of the
guardrails is done in the wrong direction. During an
impact, the element can be flaked off endangering the
motorists.

OTHER SETUP ARRANGEMENTS MAKING THE
GUARDRAIL ABSOLUTELY USELESS

1. Guardrails were fixed on the post transmitting directly
the energy of impact to the support that cannot sustain
the shock. When the barrier collapses, the vehicle
passes over easily.
2. The holes and bolts used were not in accordance with
the design and specifications.
3. The supports are sometimes located very near the
crest of the slope. The foundation is weak to prevent
the post from being tipped off during an impact.
4. Guardrails are frequently used to protect the structures,
direction boards, and traffic signs but not drivers.

5. Guardrail is used perpendicular to the flow of traffic in the
shoulder or in the median to protect a manhole. In case of
impact, the economic cost of car damages will be greater
than the cost of manhole repair.
6. Guardrail is often used to replace the 14 marker or barrier.



CONCRETE BARRIER

1. For light vehicles the impact angle of 30 degrees
at a speed of 80 km/hr.
2. For 10 tons truck with impact angle of 20 degrees
at 70 km/hr.

after two years of testing in real conditions, this type of
separator was authorized in the entire road network of
France. In 1977 it was used in USA, Canada, Sweden,
Belgium, Germany, Ivory Coast and Morocco. Record
shows that no car or truck has ever crossed this kin of
separator or barrier.

The separator can ensure double functions: as guardrail
and as barrier.


FUNCTIONS:

The concrete separator is a rigid retaining device. It does
not absorb kinetic energy by its deformations:

a. For light vehicle weighing less than 1800 kg. its
function is dependent on the angle of impact. If this
angle is small, the section of the separator acts on the
tires to the vehicle to the travel way without serious
damage. On the other hand, if the impact angle
increases, more damages will be visible. The impact
energy is absorbed by friction and deformations of the
car body.
b. For heavy vehicles weighing 12 tons or less, in case of
impact, the inertia and adherence to the ground of the
separator will prevent the crossing by guiding back the
truck to the right trajectory.

c. For heavy vehicles weighing more than 12 tons, the
separator functions effectively if the impact conditions are
not very hard (low speed, small angle)

If the separator is constructed on top of an embankment, the
distance between the front face of the separator and the
beginning of the rounding should be equal or greater than the
width of the separator itself. It is necessary to design a
supplementary anchorage, concrete bed or a reinforced
foundation beam.

When the wall is set on the center line the width length of the
median is:
L=0.60 m + 2d
Two separators can be designed to reserve place for planting.

L> (2 X 0.48) + 2d + e for the single separator
L> (2 X 0.60) + 2d + e for double separator
e = the width of the planting area


Arterial and local street operations make use of street marking signs and
signals controlled in several ways by either fixed setting or computerized
system. Despite the existence of freeways and highways, arterial road
offers most advantageous route for longer trips.

Arterial Streets are considered substitute for a controlled access when
traffic volume exceeds 20,000 vehicles per day.

Basic consideration in planning arterial roads
1. Selection of convenient route
2. Studies of traffic volume
3. Origin and destinations
4. Accident experienced.

When traffic volume exceeds the capacity of the arterial
roads, the following solutions are employed:
1. Parking is strictly prohibited during peak hour on one or
both side of the streets.
2. No parking is allowed several meters away on each side
of intersections.
3. Allowing right turns on red signal or providing special
provisions for these turns outside through the lanes.
4. Eliminating left turns at congested intersections.
5. Reversing the flow of traffic in the center lanes to
accommodate more lanes in the direction of heavier
flow.

One Way Street are those where traffic moves in one
direction only. Making one way traffic is based on the
number of important advantages over the two way
operation such as:

1. Bigger Capacity.
2. Fewer Stops and Increasing Speed.
3. Improvised Pedestrian Movement.
4. Reduced Accidents.
5. Elimination od Headlight Glare.

Though, one-way traffic have meet oppositions from
business group for it may increased the travel distance to
reach certain location.

TRAFFIC CONTROL
The most important traffic control device for street
operations are the STOP and YIELD signs and the Traffic
Signals. Also is the Manual.

The Yield Sign could be compromised between the full
stop and no control. The traffic Manual recommended its
use under the following conditions.

1. That its benefit include decreased operations costs.
2. Lower contributions to air pollution
3. Passage time reduction of 2 to 6 seconds.
4. Lower accident frequency.
The manual also provide minimum warrants for traffic
signal installations based on:
1. Vehicular or pedestrian volumes
2. Accident experiences
3. Progressive movement
4. Interruption of continuous traffic to permit cross traffic to
move as part of the network.

Proper traffic control is important for lesser accidents.

Freeways are designed for high speed,
free flowing, low accident facilities and
operate without hindrances from traffic
control. This type of roadway operates well
because of their isolation from the
surroundings with widely spaced access and
barred pedestrians.




Recommended Relief to Congestions

1. The most common cause of traffic breakdown is
adding more vehicles on the ramp. Thus, ramp control
is necessary to prevent the flow disruption.
2. Entry of vehicles on the ramp should be restricted or
stopped when breakdown on the flow of the freeways
is noticed.
3. It is better to delay the few motorists who wish to enter
the ramp than those motorists travel on the freeway.
4. The use of service roads or arterial streets parallel to
freeways during peak hours would gain road capacity.



Motorists Problems on Freeways and Expressways

1. The motorists are completely isolated from the
surrounding community. The ramps that they could exit
are far spaced, and sometimes several kilometers apart
in rural areas, and toll facilities are separated in
kilometers or more in urban districts.
2. Walking on freeway shoulder is very dangarous.
3. It is almost impossible to walk on elevated structure
that have neither shoulders nor walkers.
4. Motorists would not like to leave their vehicles for fear
of robbery an attack.
5. Modern vehicles are now complex and diverse in
design that repairs by the driver or passing motorist is
difficult.


Solution:

1. Highway patrol should provide systematic
surveillance.
2. Emergency radio or telephone installed at
roadside.
3. Emergency vehicles and crews should standby
on call to remove obstructing vehicles as
quickly as passible.
4. The agencies concerned should detail patrol
cars along the freeways for immediate
assitance to motorists.

Street Lighting

Highway and street lighting are
generally incorporated in the design to
illuminate the roadway to provide
seeing the silhouette. When an object
is seen darker than the background,
discernment is by silhouette.
Luminaries as Street lights has the following
Criteria

1. Recommended practice: Install luminaries at 12.00 meters
or more above the roadway. Although at present, the
predominant mounting height is between 7.50 and 10.50
meters.
2. When mounting is high, a more uniform illumination can be
maintained even though units are widely spaced.
3. High mounting of lights reduces the building effects of glare.
4. Luminaries distribute light to a definite pattern that suits
particular conditions.
5. For a higher mounting, the spacing could be in the range of
60 meters apart with fixtures mounted on both sides of the
road.


6. Uniform distribution could be adopted at intersections.
A symmetrical pattern is used when the fixture is
mounted at the center of the streets or an
asymmetrical form when mounting in near the curb.
7. The normal practice is to suspended the luminaries
over the roadway, sometimes on cables or mast arm
extended outward from the road side.
8. For roadway interchanges, the trend is to mount the
luminaries on high poles, as high as 45 meters.



Parking on the street substantially reduce the
capacity of the road. It creates congestions and
confusions. It increases travel time and accidents of
vehicles. Legally, the right of the government to
regulate the parking of vehicles on the street was
established when Lord Ellenborough a famous jurist
of England in 1805 asserted that:

The kings highway should not be used as stable
yard


He established the principle that:

Streets are primarily for free passage of the
public and anything that impedes that passage,
except in an emergency is a nuisance that may be
abated.
parking of vehicles even in front of ones owned
property is classified as a privilege subject to
control and not as a right.


HIGHWAY CAPACITY


FACILITY Capacity in Passenger Car
Freeway and Expressway away from
rams and weaving sections per lane
per hour..
2,000
Two lane highways, total in both
directions per hour.
2,000
Three lane highways, total in each
direction per hour
2,000
A 3.60 m. lane at signalized
intersections per hour o green signal
time (no interference and ideal
progression)
1,800
Defining Terms Associated With Capacity

Maximum Volume. Where traffic flow is likely to
continue without breakdown and serious
compositions. It follows that at a capacity, the quality
of level of service is far from ideal.

Number of Vehicles. Capacity is stated in passenger
cars per hour. Trucks and buses in the traffic stream
can decrease the road capacity substantially.
Reasonable Expectations. Values for capacity cannot be
determined exactly due to many variable that affect traffic flows,
particularly at high volumes. Assigned values for capacity are
more of probability rather than certainties.

One Direction Against Two Directions. Traffic is one direction
flows independently from that of the other. On the other hand,
on two and three lane roads there are interactions between
traffic in the two directions and these affect traffic flow and
capacity.

A Given Time Period. Traffic volume and capacity are stated in
vehicles per hour but traffic flow does not vary uniformly with
time, volume and capacities. This variation within an hour is
expressed by a peak hour factor (PHF). This factor which is less
or equal to one in the quotient of the hourly volume divided by
the shorter period volume multiplied by the number of periods in
an hour.

Prevailing Roadway and Traffic Conditions. This includes
physical features that affect capacity like lane and shoulder
width, sight distance and grades. It also reflects changes in
the character of the traffic stream.

Ambient Condition is weather related conditions that affect
capacity such as rain, fog, smog or wind.

LEVEL OF SERVICE
the level of service is commonly accepted as
measure of the restrictive effects of increased volume.
Each segment of the roadway can be rated at an
appropriate level from A to F inclusive to reflect its
condition at given demand of service volume.
Level
A= Free Flow; speed control by drivers desire.
B= Stable Flow; operating speeds beginning to be
restricted: little or no restrictions on maneuver ability from
other vehicles.
C= Stable Flow; speeds and maneuverability more
closely restricted.
D= Approaches Unstable Flow: tolerable speeds can
be maintained but temporary restrictions to flow cause
substantial drop in speed. Little freedom to maneuver
comfort and convenience flow.
E= Volume near capacity: speeds in neighborhood of 45
km./hr. Flow stable: stoppage of momentary duration.
Ability to maneuver is limited.
F= Forced Flow: low operating speeds, volume below
capacity.
The ideal conditions for the roadway to have an uninterrupted
flow must:
1. Have 3.60 meters lane and 1.80 meters wide shoulder.
2. Road with flat grades.
3. Sight disturbance unrestricted
4. No trucks or buses plying the route.

If these conditions are not met, road capacity may be reduced.
Enumerated below are the factors that contribute to the
reduction of road capacity and level of service:
1. Narrow lanes and shoulders, and restriction on edge
clearance.
2. Sharp horizontal curves create dynamic forces to which
drivers react. Short vertical curve over crests or obstructions
to vision on the inside of horizontal curves causes vehicles
to slow down.
3. Commercial vehicles like truck requires more highway space
per vehicle than the passengers cars.
4. Effects of grade on uphill road, makes desirable vehicle
spacing for higher road capacity. The 3% to 7% road
upgrades does not affect passenger cars unlike cargo trucks
that are markedly affected by steeper grade.

WEAVING SECTION
Weaving section is defined as the crossing of two or
more traffic streams traveling in the same general directions
along a significant path of highway with the aid of traffic signal.
The Traffic Circle Rotary or British Roundabout is
considered series of weaving sections placed end to end.
Likewise, a partial and full cloverleaf interchanges are example
of weaving section. Vehicle entering the freeway must weave
with those leaving the freeway.
In establishing level of service for design purposes, each
highway agency establishes its own guidelines composed two
elements.

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