Professional Documents
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Types of communication
Downward
verbal Formal
Upward
Non
verbal Informal
Horizontal
Diagonal
On the basis of expression
There are two types of communication. These
are as follows-
(1) Verbal
(2) Non-verbal
Verbal communication
Verbal communication also divided into two
parts-
(1) Oral
(2) Written
Oral communication
It occurs through words the spoken words. In
oral communication , the two parties to
communication , the sender and the receiver ,
exchange their views through speech ,either in
face to face communication between
individual and individual ,or between an
individual and the group, or any mechanicals
or electrical device.
Advantages of oral communication
1.Immediate feedback-the biggest advantage of oral
communication is that it provides immediate
feedback to both the sender and the receiver.
2.Time saving- oral communication is very fast. It saves
the time involved in writing the message.
3.Economical – oral communication save the money
spent on stationery in any organization.
4.Personal touch-oral communication build upon
healthy climate in the organization by bringing
superiors and subordinates.
5.flexibility- oral communication provides an
opportunity to the speaker to correct himself
and make himself clear by changing his voice,
pitch, tone,etc.
6.Secrecy – oral message can be more easily
kept confidential than written messages.
7.Group communication- oral communication is
extremely useful for communicating with
groups in meetings, conferences,etc.
Limitations of oral communication
1.Poor retention-the listner cannot retain oral
message in his memory for a long period of
time . The speaker himself may not recall what
he actually said.
2.No record- oral communication provides no
record for future reference.
3.Time consuming-oral communication may not
always time saving.
4.Misunderstanding – oral communication are
likely to be misunderstood due to poor vocal
expression and noise.
5.Lengthy messages- it is not suitable for lengthy
messages.
6.Lack of responsibility-oral message are not
recorded .therefore, it becomes difficult to
hold persons responsible for
mistakes,inaccuracy.
Make oral communication effective
1.Clarity
2.Brevity
3.Right words
4.Understand the listner
5.Natural voice
6.Logical sequence
Written communication
Written communication is often resorted to by
the management for messages that are lengthy
and have to be made permanent. written
communication involves transmission of
information through letters, notices, circulars,
memos,reports, etc.
Advantages of written
communication
1.Wide acces- written communication is the
most economical and probably the only means
of communication when the sender and
receiver of the message are separated by long
distances.
2.Precision and accuracy- written messages are
prepared with due thought and care.
3.Repetition – written messages can be read
again and again.
4.Permanent record-written communication provides
permanent record for future reference. Such written
message records of policy decisions and performance
in the past serve as a good guide for decision making
and planning in future.
5.Lengthy message-written communication is very
suitable for transmitting lengthy messages.
6.Convenience –the personal presence of neither the
sender nor the receiver of message at a certain place
at the same time is necessary.
Limitations of written
communication
1.Time consuming- in addition to the time
involved in sending written messages, time has
to be spent in putting the message in writing.
2.Costly –written communication is very costly
than oral communication.
3.Lack of secrecy- it is difficult to keep written
messages completely secret.
4.Rigidity – written communication lacks
flexibility. On the spot clarifications and
adjustments cannot be made.
5.Impersonal –written communication tend to be
formal and there is lack of personal touch.
6.Delayed feedback-immediate feedback is not
possible in case of written communication.
Non –verbal communication
Human beings communicates in many ways
other than words. Words often fail to convey
the exact meaning. Therefore, pictures
,drawings, sounds , are often used to convey
messages. all these means used in
communication are known as non-verbal
communication.
Types of non-verbal communication
There are four types of non-verbal
communication .
1. Sign language
2. Body language
3. Para language
4. Space, surrounding and time
Sign language
Sign language involves-
1.Audio
2.Visuals signals
Audio signals
Drum beating is to make important
announcements and to tell people to assemble
at a specified place. Several types of alarm
signals are used to caution people. Fire alarm,
accident alarm, VIP motorcade alarm etc. A
clock alarm is used to make us aware of our
time.
Advantages of audio signals
1.Very fast- sound signals convey the message
very quickly.
2.Managing time- sound signals are very useful
for managing time.
3.Helps in smooth working-the working of an
organization can be streamlined with the help
of buzzers and such other sounds signals.
Visual signs
Visual signals such as pictures, posters,
drawings, cartoons, photographs, etc are used
to convey messages for general information
and education. Traffic lights and lights at
railway stations and airports convey relevant
information to people.
Advantages of visual signal
1.Easy-visuals signals like pictures and posters convey
the message very easily and economically.
2.Intresting and motivating-colourful photograph and
paintings make communication interesting and
motivating.
3.Educating people-posters and painting are useful for
informing and educating people.
4.Advertising –posters are an effective means of
advertising.
Body language
Human body and its various parts play an
important role in communication.
the study of message conveyed by body
movements is known as body language or
kinesics.
Role of different parts of body
(1) Head –there is an old saying ‘hold your head high’.
It is a sign of honour ,self respect, and self
confidence. A head bent low, on the other hand
shows modesty, politeness and guilt.
(2) Face –face has been called the mirror of the mind
because whatever a person feels deep inside is
reflected on his face.
(3) Eyes – eyes communicate our deepest feelings.
(4) Gestures – gestures refer to the movements
of our arms, legs, hands, etc.
(5) Body shape and posture- standing or sitting
erect, learning forward or backward, stretching
or bending sideways all convey meanings.
Para language
It is non verbal because it does not involve use of
words. But it is like verbal communication because it
is related to the way words are spoken.
1.Voice – voice can be clear or unclear, pleasant or
unpleasant, cultivated or musical and so on.
2.Speaking speed- a speaker may speak at different
occasions or during different parts of his speech.
3.Pitch variation- speaking at length on the same level
of pitch variation in pitch are made during a speech.
these variations in pitch are helpful in catching the
attention of the listen and in maintaining his interest
in the speech.
4.Volume variation-it means loudness of the makes the
speech monotonous or boring.Therefore,wide
speech.volume variation puts life into our speech.
Advantages of Para language
1.No oral communication is complete without Para
language.
2.A speaker’s educational background can be judged
from his way of speaking.
3.knowlege of a person’s Para language is helpful in
dealing with him.
4.one can improve his Para language by listening to
good speaker.
Space, surrounding and time
Nonverbal signals which are mutually
understood by the sender and receiver
originate from many sources. One such
important source is the space around us which
communicates in its own way. Communication
experts call this dimension of communication
‘proximics’.
space Language
1.intimate-physical contact to 18 inches.
2.personal-18 inches to 4 feet.
3.social-4 to 12 feet.
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Gossip wheel
It involves passing of information from a
person in the centre to all other around him.
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Probability chain
Here p communicates randomly with others
according to the low of probability.
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Cluster
It involve selective communication in a group.
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Advantages of informal
communication
1.Speady transmission
2.Valuable feedback
3.Support of formal channel
4.Psychological satisfaction
Limitations of informal
communication
1.Misunderstanding
2.Incredible
3.Damage to the organisation
4.Unreliable information
5.Unsystematic communication
BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
Communication is one of the most common
and essential human activities. Perfect
communication takes place when the receiver
understands the message exactly in the way
the sender intends. Quite often
miscommunication arises due to one barrier or
the other. Barrier or problems can arise at any
stage of the communication
TYPES OF BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS
2.PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
BARRIERS
3.ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS
4.SOCIO-PSYCOLOGICAL BARRIERS
1.SEMANTIC BARRIERS
Semantic barriers arise due to problems in
language. Language is the most important tool
of communication but its careless use can be
dangerous.
Language barriers
Language barriers are as follows-
(a) Words with different meaning