SEMESTER - II

ACADEMIC SESSION - (2013-2014)

COURSE - MANAGEMENT
PRESENTATION RESEARCH DESIGN
LECTURER NAME DR. VIKAS

STUDENTS :-
RITU DANU
SHIVANGI AGARWAL
SHRADDHA PANT
SONAL GUPTA


Presentation on Research Design
What is Research ?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials
and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.

Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain,
predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research
involves inductive and deductive methods.
Purpose of Research
To help plan and gather information on a certain topic.
To help monitor something before carrying it out.
To help discover new things by gathering and looking out
for what others would have done.
To gather and explore more into a certain topic which
helps to backup your opinions with the findings.
Research Process
Step 1
Idea to
research
Step 2
Figure out
research
problem
Step 3
Making on
outline &
reviewing
literature
Step 4
Choose the
type of
research to
be done &
the level of
depth
Step 5
Establish
the
hypothesis
Figure out
variables
Step 6
Selecting
the
appropriate
research
design
Step 7
Sampling
selection
Step 8
Data
recollection
Step 9
Data
Analysis
Step 10
Presenting
results
* * * * *
* * *
1. The idea: A research project is
born
Ideas
criteria
Solve problems
Elaborate
theories
New thoughts Initially vague
Sources
Bibliography,
audiovisuals, theories,
discoveries, beliefs,
internet
Idea
An idea represents the closest approach to reality that will
be researched
There are lots of different resources that generate ideas
In the beginning ideas are vague. They require careful
analysis in order to transform into structured and precise
research statements
2. Choosing a research topic
Choosing a
research topic
Criteria
Clarity
Data
recollection
Needed
elements
Viability
Justification
Research
questions
Objectives
Research topic



Once the researcher got acquainted and familiar with the
topic then it is possible to setup the research topic.
There is certain criteria that is needed in order to narrow
down the general topic into the just-right (research)
topic.
Has to be straight forward, usually as a question
Should be viable and verifiable by empirical proof
For example, how sublime is a persons soul? is not
a good research topic since sublime is not something
that is measurable, neither is a persons soul.
There are also some elements that should be
taken into consideration in order to choose a
research topic.
Objectives: guidelines for the research
What is the main purpose for the research?
Solve problem
Prove a theory
Introduce new knowledge
3.Creating an outline
Outline
Functions
Hypothesis; plan
out the process;
prevent mistakes
Stages
Developing a
perspective
Revising
literature
Extraction and
recompilation;
consult; obtain;
detect
Theory
Criteria
Simplicity;
innovation;
perspective;
logically
consistent;
description,
explanation and
prediction
Function
Predict; relate;
systematize;
explain
Creating an outline

After the previous steps have been completed it is
important for the researcher to analyze and expose the
theories, theoretical approaches that help with the
foundation of the topic.
Usually observed as an index with titles and subtitles
It is important to know that looking over at the existent
literature helps out with figuring out the best way, and
more importantly, the manner in which we want to deal
with our research and the topic.

Creating an outline
Functions:
Helps prevent mistakes that might have been committed
in previous studies or research
Leads the way into figuring out how the research
should be performed.
Broadens the horizon and helps the researcher
understanding the need to carry research in more depth
Helps with the establishment of a hypothesis or
affirmations that need to be tested
Inspires new lines or areas of research
It gives the researcher a starting point
4. Types of research
Final Purpose
Basic
Applied
5. Establishing Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Types
Alternative
Null
Research
Characteristic
s
Proving
technique
Referent to
reality
Relation
between
variables
Real situation
Precise terms
Objectives
Try and
suggest
theories
Lead research
Hypothesis
Guide the research
Tentative explanation to researched phenomena
formulated as propositions or questions
All though most types of research require a hypothesis, in
exploratory research no hypothesis is required since there
is not that much information available.
They are NOT ALWAYS correct, they could be incorrect
or even null.

6. Research design
Research
design
Non-
experimental
No variable
manipulation
Designs
Causal
Descriptive
Exploratory
Experimental
Variable
manipulation
Quasi-
experimental
Intact groups
Designs/experime
nts
Intentional
manipulation
Measure
effect,
Control and
validity
Proof/post-
proof
Choosing and appropriate research
design

Experimental (require a specific design, and
are used mostly in natural sciences):
In these designs the researcher decides on what variables
to study and how to modify them
Experiment: random choice of participants, and
their assignment to their study groups
Quasi-experiment: not entirely random
Contd..
Non-experimental (used mostly in social
sciences):
In these designs the researcher does not manipulate the
variables, but only observes phenomena as it
happens in its natural environment
Causal: relate two variables
Exploratory: initial exploration of a community
Descriptive: research the repetitiveness of a certain
variable in a population

7. Sample selection
Population
Characteristic
s
Size
Choose
sample
Probabilistic
Randomly
selected
Stratified
Non-
probabilistic
Quota
Purposive
Convenience
7. Sample selection

Sample:
Set of elements that come from a bigger set
(population).
We study this set in order to know the
characteristics of the bigger set.



8. Collecting data
Data recollection
Trustworthy and
valid
Process
1. Choose instrument
2. Apply
3. Coding
4. Prepare analysis
Instruments
Focus groups,
interviews,
observation, surveys
and questionnaires,
scale of values
Collecting data: Instruments
Questionnaires:
Two types: open and closed questions
Examples:
Are you currently studying in any type of program?
( ) yes ( ) no
In your own point of view, how do you define
physical fitness?

Data Analysis
Involves entering data into computer files, inspecting data
for errors (data cleaning), running tabulation (frequencies)
and conducting various statistical test.
Preparing Final Report
Findings are presented , often by research objectives in
clear and concise way.
The need for good report cannot be overlased. It is the
report and for its presentation , that properly
communicates the result to the client.
Types of Research Design
Exploratory.
Descriptive.
Diagnostic.
Experimental.


Exploratory Design
Exploratory research is most commonly unstructured
,informal research that is undertaken to gain background
information about the general nature of the research
problem.
Exploratory research is usually conducted when the
researcher does not know much about the problem and
needs additional information or desire new or more recent
information.
Descriptive Design

Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answer to
question of who, what, where, when and how but not why.
Two basic classification:
Cross-Sectional studies
Longitudinal studies

Diagnostic design
Diagnostic research determines the frequency with which
something occurs or its association with something else.

Example : studies concerned with specific prediction, with
narration of facts and characteristics concerning
individuals or group or situation


Experimental design
Also called hypothesis testing research. These are those
where the researcher test the hypothesis of casual
relationships between variables.

Formal experimental design:
Completely randomized design
Randomized block design
Latin square design
Factorial desgin
Contd..
Informal experimental design
Pre-experimental design
Before and after experimental design
After only with control design
Before and after with control design
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