Sampling Theory

and its importance

BHAVIN V KAKANI
IT-NU
Brief review :
Time Domain signal
Present a recurring phenomena as amplitude vs. time
Sine Wave
Sine Wave
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0
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1
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Time
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
Frequency Domain signal
Present recurring phenomena as amplitude vs. frequency
Same sine wave looks like
Frequency
Multiple waves
Multiple waves
Both domains
Voice in
the Time
Domain
Voice in
the Frequency
Domain
Sampling Theorem
Sampling Theorem:
A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate
atleast twice the maximum frequency component in it.
OR
A continuous-time signal may be completely represented in its samples and
recovered back if the sampling frequency is fs2fm. Where fs is the sampling
frequency and fm is the maximum frequency present in the signal.
OR
A band-limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency component
higher than fm Hz, is completely described by its sample values at uniform
intervals less than or equal to
1
2
second apart.
Figure 1 shows a signal g(t) that is bandlimited.
Poor Sampling
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Sampling Frequency = 1/2 X Wave Frequency
Even Worse
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Sampling Frequency = 1/3 X Wave Frequency
Higher Sampling Frequency
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Sampling Frequency = 2/3 Wave Frequency
Getting Better
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Sampling Frequency = Wave Frequency
Good Sampling
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Sampling Frequency = 2 X Wave Frequency
Nyquist rate and Nyquist Interval
When the sampling rate becomes exactly equal to 2fm samples per
second, then it is called Nyquist rate. Nyquist rate is also called
minimum sampling rate. It is given by
fs = 2fm Hz

Similarly, Maximum sampling interval is called Nyquist interval. It is given by

Nyquist interval Ts = 1/2fm seconds
Half the Nyquist Frequency
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Nyquist Frequency
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Digitizing
Digital Voice Telephone
Transmission
Voice data for telephony purposes is
limited to frequencies less than 4,000 Hz.
According to Nyquist, it would take 8,000
samples (2 times 4,000) to capture a 4,000
Hz signal perfectly.
Generally, one byte is recorded per
sample (256 levels). One byte is eight bits
of binary data.
(8 bits * 8,000 samples per second = 64K
bps) over a circuit.
Problems Related to the topics:
1. What is the effect of under sampling? How it can be removed?
2. State and prove sampling theorem in time domain.
3. What is Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval?
4. A band limited signal x(t) is sampled by a train of rectangular pulses
of width and period T.
1. Find an expression for the sampled signal.
2. Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal.
5. What is anti-aliasing filter?
6. Define the sampling process and explain its necessity in
communication system.
7. What do you understand by the word bandlimited?
8. What is Guard band?
9. A continuous-time signal is given below:
X(t) = 8 cos 200t
Determine
I. Minimum sampling rate
II. If the sampling frequency is 400Hz. What is the discrete time signal
x[n]/x[nTs] obtained after sampling.
10. Determine the Nyquist rate for a continuous time signal
X(t) = 6cos 50t + 20sin300 t -10cos100 t