Shell Eco-marathon GDP 2013

Rules and Regulations

Aerodynamic Design

Alexandros Ioannou
Outline
Rules and Regulations
Importance
Enforcement
Key Rules

Aerodynamics
Different forms of drag
Mach and Reynolds number
Optimisation of the top profile
Ground clearance
Wheel fairings
Future Work
Rules and Regulations
Introduction
In all sports Rules and regulations are
important especially in motor racing
Importance
Influence the design of the car due to
restrictions
Must comply in order to participate in practice
or attempts

Enforcement
Can be found online
Created Excel with relevant rules under each
role for easy access
Booklet containing rules ready to hand
Periodic checks
Dimensions
Height Track ratio max 1.25
Track width: at least 500 mm
Wheelbase: at least 1000 mm.


Chassis Height
Height Track width ratio: maximum 1.25
Required lowering of floor by 113mm
Used uprights

Conclusion
There will be tests at the event to verify the
legality of the car
Aerodynamic Design
Introduction
Aerodynamic drag accounts for around half of
the total drag
Area for most improvement
Minimise drag and neutral lift
Drag
Two main sources:
1. Skin



2. Pressure


Theoretical estimation
Velocity 6.9 m/s
Mach number: 0.020- incompressible
Reynolds number 1.26 million based on 2.70m
length turbulent (3000~5000)


Initial Design
For top section symmetrical aerofoil, tear drop
shaped, delay transition
For side, truncated half tear drop shape
Initial estimation of drag coefficient 0.16
Optimisation of top section
Used XFR5.
Validation: Tested numerous NACA aerofoils.
Results with 15% at 0 C
L
of experimental from
Theory of Sections at same Reynolds number

Optimisation of top section
Inputted chassis into software.
Iterative process. Used spline to create best
aerofoil that fit our chassis


Version Sectional C
D
1 0.00714
2 0.00724
3 0.00811
Ground clearance
For a length of 2.70m minimum ground
clearance is 10.0cm. Final Design has 11.5cm
Wheel fairings
Decrease tyre drag by around 50%
Same NACA 66-021 aerofoil for all fairings
What changed was length


Wheel fairings
Final wheel fairings length
Future work
Optimise top and side section using CFD and
wind tunnel
Optimise wheel fairing junctions. Minimise
interference drag
Investigate performance in side winds
Wheel discs instead of spokes
Optimise camber for zero lift

Summary
Rules and Regulations
Importance
Enforcement
Key Rules

Aerodynamics
Different forms of drag
Mach and Reynolds number
Optimisation of the top profile
Ground clearance
Wheel fairings
Future Work


References
Joseph Katz (2006). Race Car Aerodynamics: Design for
Speed. Cambridge: Bentley Publisher. P52.
Buchheim, R., Deutenbach, K.-R., Luckoff, H.-J. (1981).
Necessity and Premises for reducing the aerodynamic drag
of future passenger cars.SAE paper 810 185, Detroit.
R H Barnard (2009). Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Design: an
Introduction. 3rd ed. Hertfordshire: MechAero Publishing.
P35.
Wolf-Heinrich Hucho (1987). Aerodynamics of Road
Vehicles. London: Betterworth & Co. P129, 232.
John D. Anderson, JR (2011). fundamentals of
Aerodynamics. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill. P381.