You need to breathe in air to get oxygen.

You breathe air out to get rid of carbon

dioxide.
We call this gas exchange.
In humans it takes place in our lungs.
1.1 Human Breathing Mechanism
BREATHING
is a physical process in which air is
inhaled and exhaled by a living body.
The system in our body which help us to
breathe is the human respiratory
system.
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The main functions of the
respiratory system:

breathing
supplying the blood
with oxygen
removing carbon
dioxide from the blood


The human respiratory system
Consists of:
a) The breathing
organs (nose, nasal
cavity, trachea,
bronchus, bronchiole
and alveolus)
b) The ribs
c) The intercostal
muscles
d) The diaphragm
Deeper into your lungs
Lungs consists of;
a) Bronchioles
b) Alveoli
c) Network of blood
capillaries
Characteristics of
alveolus:
a) Large surface area
b) Thin walls
c) Moist surface

The Structure of the Lungs
The flow of air in our respiratory system
Breathing Mechanism
Inhalation is the
process of breathing in
air.

Exhalation is the
process of breathing
out air.
During inhalation,
a) The rib cage moves upwards
and outwards
b) The diaphragm contracts,
moves downwards and
flattens.
c) The thoracic cavity becomes
bigger.
d) The air pressure in the
thoracic cavity decreases.
e) Air from the outside rushes
into the lungs.
Exhalation
During exhalation,
a) The rib cage moves
downwards and
inwards
b) The diaphragm
expands and curves
upwards.
c) The thoracic cavity
becomes smaller.
d) The air pressure in the
thoracic cavity
increases.
e) Air is forced out from
the lungs.

Model of the human respiratory
system
Pull the rubber sheet
down and then push it
up.
Do this a few times
more.
What happens to the
balloons?
Rubber sheet Changes in the
balloons
Breathing
process
Pulled down Expand /
becomes bigger
Inhalation
Pushed up Contract /
becomes
smaller
Exhalation
Discussion
Which part of the
model represents:
a) the lungs
b) the diaphragm
c) the ribs?
What is not very good
about the model?
Does it move like the
ribs?
Is there really such a
large space around
the lungs?

Figure : A model of the human
respiratory system
1.2 Transport of Oxygen in the
Human Body
Transport of oxygen
The oxygen in the inhaled
air diffuses through the thin
walls of the alveoli and the
capillaries into the blood.
Oxygen combines with
haemoglobin in the blood
to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Haemoglobin + oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin
Gaseous exchange in an alveolus
Continue Gases Exchange
This oxygenated blood is transported to the
heart to be pumped throughout the body.
When oxyhaemoglobin reaches the body
tissues, it breaks down to release oxygen.
The oxygen then diffuses into the cells through
the thin walls of the capillaries.
Deoxygenated blood will flow back to the lungs.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood
capillaries into the alveolus to be eliminated.

Frog's respiratory system

A frog's respiratory system is
very unique because of the way
that it allows oxygen to go
through the artery walls and
into the cells.

Frogs can also breath through
their skin.

When a frog submerges itself,
the skin pulls oxygen in
through the water.

A frog can also breath through
its mouth by opening it and just
letting the breeze go down its
windpipe.

When a frog opens its nostrils,
air flows into the mouth, which
causes it to expand, and then
when the nostrils close, the air
is forced down the windpipe.
1.3: The Importance of a
healthy Respiratory system
Air pollution
Human activities such as smoking and
open burning of rubbish have
worsened the air quality.
Dangerous of cigarette smoke
Substances Sources Effects
Tar




Cigarette smoke
Kills cells in air passage &
lungs, lung cancer
Carcinogens Various type of cancer
Carbon
monoxide
Prevent haemoglobin from
transporting Oxygen, causes
lack of oxygen that leads to
headache, brain damage or
death
Nicotine Causes addiction, damages
brain tissues, easy blood
clotting
Irritants Irritates air passage, kills cells,
cough & lung cancer
Harmful Substances to HRS
Figure 1.11: Apparatus set-up to observe and identify harmful substances in cigarette
Aim: To study the effects of smoking on the
lungs
Observations:
Material Beginning of
experiment
End of experiment
Cotton wool white Turns brownish
Bicarbonate
indicator solution
red yellow
Litmus solution blue red
Universal indicator green red
Temperature Room temperature Temperature rose
Smoking raises the lung temperature, blackens
the lungs and corrodes the lung cells.
Observations:
Conclusion:
Substances Sources Effects
Carbon monoxide Vehicles smoke Causes lack of oxygen
in the body
Sulphur dioxide Burning of coal & oil Irritates air passage,
cause cough,
breathing difficulties,
bronchitis & lung
cancer
Haze Exhaust fumes, open
burning, forest fire
Irritates respiratory
systems & asthma
Toxins Cigarettes, exhaust
fumes & fuel burning
Lead poisoning, lung
and brain damage,
cough, emphysema
Harmful Substances to HRS
Diseases of the Respiratory
system
Asthma
Lung cancer
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Ways to improve air quality
Stop smoking
Practice car pooling
Install catalyst convertors on vehicle
exhaust pipes to reduce the release of
dangerous gases.
Install electrostatic precipitators on factory
chimneys to remove pollutants.
Stop open burning of garbage
Practice recycling
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Try the exercise on page 13
Releasing energy
What happens when we burn a fuel like petrol?
Oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is
made.
The flame gives off a lot of light and heat.


Same thing happens in our body.
Our fuel is glucose from the food we ate.
Science In Action
If the inner surfaces of the lungs were laid
out flat, their total area would be around
two thirds of a tennis court. When added
up, the total passage of the airways is
2400km.