3 - RNP - Exercise - Ed4 - Released

RNP Exercise
ND Competence Centre
April, 2009
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Exercise Requirements
3. Excel Tools
4. SPM 2100 Mhz
5. ACCO Usage
6. Predictions
7. Simulations
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, 2009 3. RNP Exercise | April 2009
Introduction
1
Alcatel-Lucents Radio Network Design Process
Overview
Radio Network
Optimisation
Radio Network Planning
(Or Cell Planning)
Radio Network Dimensioning
(Or Cell Dimensioning)
Phases Inputs Outputs
Coverage
Requirements
Land Usage / Area
Traffic Requirements
Offered services
Service bit rate, traffic
Volume, subscriber density
QoS Requirements
BLER, Blocking, Coverage
Probability, Indoor
Penetration
Link Budget, Number
of sites, cell size
calculation
Node-B configuration
Feature scheduling
Performance Analysis
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d

A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d

A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
Ensures an optimal radio network configuration (Node-B count, etc)
providing contiguous and quality service coverage
Alcatel-Lucents Radio Network Design Process
Focus on WCDMA
1) Radio Network Dimensioning
Link Budget / Power Analysis
UMTS Parameters
RNP Coverage Predictions
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/ Io
UL/ DL Service Coverage
RNP Network Simulations
Monte Carlo Simulations
Detailed Traffic Distribution
Failure mechanisms, Problem areas
D
e
s
i
g
n

I
n
p
u
t
s
Add new sites
Modify site locations
Modify antenna tilt/
azimuth
Add radio features
Add new sites
Modify site locations
Modify antenna tilt/
azimuth
Add radio features
UL Cell Load
DL Power
UL Cell Load
DL Power
Cell Range, Node-B Config
Initial Site Count
UL Cell Load
DL Power
Exercise Requirements
2
Exercise inputs
City for the exercise : Bruxelles
Existing 2G network in DCS1800 sites coordinates provided
3G overlay inside the provided Focus Zone
Product to be used : 3 sector sites with RRH 20 W and d2U inside the 2G
cabinet
Antenna Requirements : Dual Band DCS/UMTS with 18 dBi Gain
Site Height : 25m DU, U and 30m SU, RU
Continuous coverage requirement for CS64
HSDPA and HSUPA for all sites
RNP output Requirements: - pilot RSCP predictions, Ec/Io predictions,
Effective service area predictions, HSDPA predictions, HSUPA predictions
- Network Simulations (3 Years with 10% growth yoy)

Exercise KPIs
Coverage probability 95% DU,MU,SU and 90% RU
CSSR - 99%
Ec/Io for a 65% load = -14 dB
Call Drop Rate 0.5%
HSDPA -300 kbps at cell edge
Penetration margins to be used are : 20 dB for DU, 17 dB for MU, 14 dB for SU
and 8 dB for RU
PS Attach success rate 98.5%

Geo Database Import
Open a new UMTS ALU Project
Set up the projection to UTM 31 North with WGS84 Datum
Import the Clutter map, DTM , Focus Zone
Copy the existing 2G sites in the Sites Table

Excel Tools
3
Excel Tools
A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator v5 and ALU WCDMA Link Budget v6.5

The objective of this chapter is:

1) Define the correct channel powers for the site templates

2) Obtain the link budget design levels

Excel Tools
Setting the site templates:
- Download A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator
Fill in the Input Assumptions corresponding to exercise requirements.
On the right : Recommended Input Settings for cases /w and w/o HSUPA !!!
Choose a Medium DL Loading with HSUPA
Choose 65% UL Load due to DCH and other parameters can be left as default
The results from Downlink Power Inputs will be used for setting the transmitter
powers

Excel Tools
Edit each transmitter type, corresponding
to each morphology, with the powers obtained
in the Cell Inputs Calculator

Choose the right antenna type, transmitter
height, propagation model

Enable HSDPA/HSUPA

Do not forget that on last sheet of Cell Inputs Calculator Shadowing.
Useful for predictions with Acceptance Levels with different Coverage Probabilities.
Excel Tools
Setting the Signal Thresholds:
- Download ALU WSCDMA Link Budget v6.4
Fill in the Summary Sheet corresponding to
exercise requirements.

Fill in the Frequency Parameters for 2.1 Ghz

Excel Tools
Fill in the morphology parameters :

Node-B parameters and UE Parameters

Excel Tools
The Eb/N0 sheet is updated with the last simulations values
The signal levels to be used with ACCO are DESIGN Levels from each of the
four clutter types
There are cases in which the operator
provides the CPICH RSCP levels and they
must be respected
In other cases the operator specifies the
service for which he wants continuous
Coverage

Excel Tools
Link budget details
The expected Design Levels for CS64 for Vehicular A 3 km/h
-78.8 for DU; -81.8 for MU; -84.7 for SU ; -95,3 for RU
The corresponding Acceptance Levels need to be checked against the levels from
KPI_Targets_Bids_V1.18.xls

KPI LKB
DU -88.71 dBm -87.5 dBm
U -90.64 dBm -90.5 dBm
SU -96.64 dBm -93.4 dBm
RU -96.64 dBm -99.7 dBm
Excel Tools
>> Chapter Analysis
Questions:

1) What are the powers corresponding to different channels in your
Cell_Inputs_Calculator?

2) What are the design levels corresponding to CS64 service for different clutter
classes?

3) What are the differences between the design level and acceptance level?

SPM 2100 Mhz
4
SPM 2100 Mhz

The objective of this chapter is to:

1) Show the Calibrated SPM 2100 Mhz for Belgium

2) Check the correctitude of the SPM link budget

3) Choose a right antenna for the project
SPM Calibration
Model Overview
COST HATA based with parameters that can be calibrated

Subject of tuning in a project:
f(clutter)
K4
Other K factors if results
not satisfying
Near/far from transmitter

with :
PR received power (dBm)
PTx transmitted power (EIRP) (dBm)
K1 constant offset (dB)
K2 multiplying factor for log(d)
d distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m)
K3 multiplying factor for log(Heff)
Heff effective height of the transmitter antenna (m)
K4 multiplying factor for diffraction calculation. K4 has to be a
positive number
Diffraction losses due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB)
K5 multiplying factor for log(Heff)log(d)
K6 multiplying factor for Hmeff
Hmeff mobile antenna height (m)
Kclutter multiplying factor for f(clutter)
f(clutter) average of weighted losses due to clutter
K(hill,los) corrective factor for hilly regions (=0 in case of NLOS)
SPM Calibration
Methodology
Calibration Methods:
Method 1: Tuning clutter losses
Mainly clutter classes are subject of calibration -> centered global mean error
Fine tune clutter correction factors
In hilly regions calibrate also K4
Adjust K1 if constant offset for all clutters
Method is fast and can provide good results (start with this method first)
Method 2: Tuning all K parameters
If the first method does not provide satisfying results, tune all model parameters
More complex, the parameters should not be outside a given range
SPM Calibrated Parameters
Exercise has calibrated model available
The SPM Parameters for Belgium are:

SPM Calibrated Parameters
The clutter correction factors:

Mean Error: 0dB
Std deviation: 7.9
SPM Calibration
Model Selection
New models will be introduced in 9155 V6.7
2 different propagation models for DU/U and SU/RU
Better accuracy than old SPM 2100 verified against measurements taken in different
parts of the world
DU/U MODEL

Clutter name Clutter losses for

DU/U model at
2100MHz
Not classified
Buildings 0
Suburban =dense individual= residential
high -2
Residential = mean individual -3
Village -9
Rural -11
Industrial -5
Open in urban -1
Forest -2
Parks -7
Open -4
Water, inland water -15
Blockbuildings 1
Dense blockbuildings 4
Dense urban 3
Mean urban or mean collective 0
SPM Calibration
Model Selection
SU/RU MODEL

Clutter name Clutter losses for

SU/RU model at
2100MHz
Not classified
Buildings 0
Suburban =dense individual= residential
high -2
Residential = mean individual -3
Village -9
Rural -11
Industrial -5
Open in urban -1
Forest -2
Parks -7
Open -11
Water, inland water -15
Blockbuildings 1
Dense blockbuildings 4
Dense urban 3
Mean urban or mean collective 0
Link Budget check
Evaluation of Link Budget vs cell edge in RNP
The procedure is to remove the DTM, place one site on the map where the clutter
type is compact and run Coverage by signal level prediction with the design levels
obtained from the link budget.
Define antenna type (lkb is isotropic)
We should observe that the cell range from the link budget has a value that is very
close to the cell range measured in A9155
If the results are not similar, check your link budget parameters, check the
transmitter parameters and clutter correction factors, change antenna
For the cases where we dont have a calibrated SPM this step is important for the
designer to be more confident in the obtained results
Antennas
Antenna selection exercise and observation
There are several type of antennas. We have 8 patterns in A9155 that can be used for
3G projects and more can be obtained by asking RadioToolsSupport
For this exercise : we will compare ANT*1710-2170/65/18/V0-10T/Xpol/RET and
65deg 18dBi 2Tilt
The results are in favor of the second antenna (dedicated for 1920-2170 Mhz band),
but does not fit the requirements, so the first one will be used

PRICES
ANT*1710-2170/65/18/V0-10T/Xpol/RET 652 EU
ANT*870-960&1710-2170/65/16-18/V0-10T&V0-6T/XXPol/Dip/RET 3077 EU
ANT*1710-2170/1710-2170/65/18/V0-8T/XXPol/RET 1338 EU
The antennas can be specified by the operator or can be chosen by the equipment
provider based on other agreements
Antennas
Tips & Tricks
Depending on the vertical pattern, some antennas have coverage holes near the
transmitter (like shown in the picture)
In this case we can smoothen the pattern by changing
2 parameters in Vertical Pattern tab of the antenna

Prop Model & Antenna Selection
>> Chapter Analysis
Discussion

- Whenever possible the designer should use calibrated propagation models.
Contact the CC to obtain the calibrated parameters for the SPM model if available.

- If there is no calibrated model , use the default SPM 2100. Check the cell range
from the excel link budget against the one obtained in A9155.

- There are several antenna types (multiband, single-band) with different gains
and patterns. Choose the right antenna in the circumstances of your project.

ACCO
5
ACCO

This chapter contains:
1) ACCO Greenfield settings

2) ACCO Optimization settings
ACCO Greenfield
Selecting Sites from existing 2G
Before starting ACCO make sure that:
the site templates are set correctly
the clutter correction factors from SPM are filled in
the standard deviations are set (if Acceptance Levels are required)
the existing 2G sites are copied in the Sites Table
Start ACCO Greenfield in Advanced Mode
Fill in the RX level [dBm] with the Design Levels from the Link Budget
Check the site templates corresponding to each clutter class
Leave Activate new sites box from the right checked
Save the template for future use. It can easily be imported later by you or by other
colleagues who work on the same project.
ACCO will reuse as much as possible the existing 2G sites
ACCO Greenfield

Site Density slider operates
similar as changing the design level
with the figure indicated on the
slider

Positive value means a higher nb.
of sites and a negative value means
a more aggressive design (this
feature should not be used, always
indicate in the design Rx Level)

ACCO Intermediate Steps
Optimize new sites selected

After the sites are placed in the focus zone, run Coverage by signal level and Pilot
Reception Analysis Ec/Io predictions.
In order to run this predictions only the pilot power ant total power information is
necessary (see chapter 6 Predictions)
Observe the results and if the KPIs are not met, go through an optimization phase.
The optimization process will be briefly described in the next slides
The optimization results will be re-imported in A9155 and the predictions will be run
again.
If more sites are needed, they will be placed manually in the coverage holes

ACCO - Optimization
Further improvements can be achieved by using ACCO Optimization
Several Targets can be set to ACCO Optimization (Coverage , Ec/Io)
In Optimization ranges tab set the Mechanical Tilt and Azimuths

ACCO - Optimization
In the Optimization Target tab one can add a coverage target
The signal levels from the link budget must be filled in
Different priorities can be set to the clutters, based on the importance

ACCO - Optimization
In the Optimization Target tab one can add a Ec/Io target
The target can be set globally or individually for each clutter
The terminal, mobility type and the service have also to be set

ACCO - Optimization
After the optimization is done the results can be graphically displayed by pushing
Visualize Results button
Can be observed
- Initial state
- Optimized state
- Intermediate steps
- Differences

ACCO Greenfield & Optimization
>> Chapter Analysis
Questions:

1) How many new sites did ACCO Greenfield add? How many candidate sites were
reused and how many were not?

2) What is the coverage percent for the representative clutters before/after
optimization?

3) What is the meaning of clutter weighting in ACCO optimization?

4) What were the modifications regarding tilts and azimuths that ACCO optimization
performed?

Predictions
6
Predictions
The Objectives of this chapter are:

1) Settings for CPICH Predictions (& execute)
2) Settings for Pilot Ec/Io Predictions (& execute)
3) Effective Service Area Predictions (& execute)
4) HSDPA Predictions (& execute)
Predictions
CPICH RSCP Predictions
The only cell parameter of importance for CPICH RSCP predictions is the Pilot
Power:

The A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator has been used to determine correct cell
inputs for the site templates

Predictions
CPICH RSCP Predictions

Note: Ensure that both Shadowing taken into
account and Indoor Coverage are not
selected
This is important because both shadowing
margins and penetrations should already be
accounted for in the MAPL calculations
Select Coverage
by Signal Level
Enter the CPICH RSCP Thresholds

Predictions
CPICH RSCP Predictions: Example
If acceptance levels are required, check Shadowing taken into account with
cell edge coverage probability taken from Shadowing sheet in the
A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator
The shadowing margin is computed by A9155,but the results should be similar

Predictions
Pilot Ec/Io Predictions
The cell parameters that impact the Pilot Ec/Io predictions are:
Pilot Power
Total Power

Key inputs being the DL power loading assumptions
Unloaded (overheads only) => expect ~-8dB Ec/Io
% DL power load, e.g. 100% => expect ~-15dB Ec/Io
% available DL traffic power loading

In terminal parameters the only input that matters is the Noise Figure and
It should be equal to 8

Predictions
Pilot Ec/Io Predictions

Note: If considering shadowing for Ec/Io A9155
will use the Ec/Io std dev defined in the clutter
properties window (should be set to 3dB)
If Ec/Io reliability is a requirement then select
shadowing option
Select indoor losses if considering noise limited
coverage
Define thresholds -15 to -8dB
Select Pilot
Reception Analysis
Predictions
Pilot Ec/Io Predictions: Example
CPICH Ec/Io
Threshold = -15dB
A report can be generated to compare the results against the requirements
Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions
Description:
Service specific target Eb/No values must be reached to ensure that coverage is achieved
for a specific service.
Target Eb/No is dependent on the required type of RAB, the QoS and the multipath
environment. Coverage predictions must be carried out for each service in the UL and DL
and possibly for different environments.
The traffic load and the degree of overlapping coverage between the cells influence the
service coverage. Either a fixed cell load or traffic simulation approach can be applied.

Objective: Identify coverage areas for each service.

Steps:
1) Set Transmitter Properties
2) Set Cell Parameters
3) Define Penetration Margins, Orthogonality & Shadowing
4) Set Terminal Characteristics
5) Define Service Parameters
6) Create Prediction
Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions
In the transmitters properties tab window:
Set the UL soft handover gain to 0 dB
Activate MRC

The cell parameters that impact the
Service Area predictions are:
Max Power, Pilot Power, SCH Power,
other CCH, Total Power, DL HSUPA
Power
The powers were filled in using:
A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator

Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions: - Define Penetration Margins, Orthogonality & Shadowing
Like Pilot Ec/Io predictions, in most cases the penetration
margin will have a minimal impact on the Eb/Nt predictions
(exception being, for example, rural areas)
Only used if indoor losses checked in prediction options
In the field it has been
observed that the
standard deviation of
Eb/Nt is much less than
that of Eb alone (i.e. is
much less than the
standard deviation of
the RSCP level, (in the
order of ~3dB)
This is only used if
shadowing is checked in
the effective service
area prediction options
The recommended orthogonality factor is 0.6 for
SU and RU and 0.4 for Urban
Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions - Set Terminal Characteristics
Set Max Power to
21dBm for all but
HSDPA UEs
No Gains or Losses
Set NF to 8dB

Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions - Define Service Parameters

Define the UL and DL Eb/Nt values for each service
Check the default Max
TCH Power settings
Set the appropriate Body
Loss
Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions - Create Prediction

Note: If considering shadowing for service area
predictions A9155 will use the Eb/Nt std. dev.
defined in the clutter properties window (should
be set to 3dB)
If Eb/Nt reliability is a requirement then select
shadowing option
It is recommended to always select indoor losses if
considering indoor coverage
Select the Effective Service Area (for all services)
Alternatively the UL and DL effective service area
can be predicted separately
Predictions
Effective Service Area Predictions: Example
384kbps Coverage
Predictions
HSDPA & HSUPA Predictions
Objective: Demonstrate the HSPA throughputs over the area
Steps:
1) Set Transmitter Properties
2) Set Cell Parameters
3) Set Reception Equipment Parameters
4) Set Terminal Characteristics
5) Define Mobility Parameters
6) Define Service Parameters
7) Create Prediction

Predictions
HSPA Predictions: 1) Set Transmitter Properties
Set Nt computation to be Without Useful Signal
Set CQI to be Based on HS-PDSCH Quality

WCDMA RNP Predictions
HSPA Predictions: 2) Set DL Power Cell Parameters 1/3
The cell parameters that impact the HSDPA predictions are:
Max Power, Pilot Power, SCH Power, other CCH, Total Power, Available HSDPA
Power, DL HSUPA Power

Use the A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator calculator to determine correct cell
inputs
Select the PA type, number of carriers, DL power loading, etc

Max
Power
Pilot
Power
SCH
Power
other
CCH
Total
Power
Available
HSDPA
Power
DL HSUPA
Power
45.2 dBm 35.2 dBm 23.2 dBm 34.9 dBm 45.2 dBm 41.2 dBm 0.0 dBm
33.3 W 3.3 W 0.2 W 3.1 W 33.3 W 13.3 W 0.0 W


Input Assumptions
PA Type MCPA 45W - 2100
Number of Carriers 1
Max PA Power 33.4 W
HSDPA Yes
HSUPA Yes
DCH Power Loading 22%
HSDPA Power Loading 22%
Adjacent DCH Power Loading 100%
Adjacent HSDPA Power Loading 50%
DCH UL Cell Load 25%
HSUPA UL Cell Load 25%
Pilot % 10%
HSUPA CCH Overhead 5%
Total Overheads 20%
P-SCH Pilot Delta -5.0 dB
P-SCH % Transmission Time 10%
S-CCH Pilot Delta -5.0 dB
S-CCH % Transmission Time 10%
Total CCH 6.7 W
P-SCH 1.1 W
S-CCH 1.1 W
UL Reuse Factor 1.8
HSPA Predictions: 2) Set Cell Parameters 2/3
DCH Power Loading
% of the available traffic channel power
DCH Power Loading + HSDPA Power Loading <= 100%
HSDPA Power Loading
% of the available traffic channel power
DCH Power Loading + HSDPA Power Loading <= 100%
Adjacent DCH Power Loading
This is the loading of cells adjacent to the current cell
Recommended value = 100%
Make this less than 100% only when you wish to assume that
the peak DCH loading is not simultaneous everywhere at the
same time.)
Adjacent HSDPA Power Loading
This is the loading of cells adjacent to the current cell
This is particularly relevant when considering HSDPA
performances, where you may wish to assume that the peak
rates are not simultaneous everywhere at the same time
Recommended value = 50%
HSPA Predictions: 2) Set UL Cell Parameters 3/3
The cell parameters that impact the HSUPA predictions are:
Max UL Load Factor, UL Load Factor, UL Load Factor Due to HSUPA, UL
Reuse Factor

Use the A9155 v6.6 Cell Inputs Calculator calculator to determine correct
cell inputs:
Define UL Cell Load due to DCH traffic UL Cell Load
Enter the UL Cell Load due to HSUPA traffic
Define the Max UL Cell Load >= DCH + HSUPA

The recommended UL Reuse Factor is 1.8
Max UL
Load Factor
UL Load
Factor
UL Load
Factor Due
to HSUPA
UL Reuse
Factor
50% 50% 0% 1.8
Total UL Cell Load 50%
HSUPA UL Cell Load Fraction 25%
HSPA Predictions: 3) Set Reception Equipment Parameters: HSDPA

Default CQI tables for each mobility
model already updated in the latest
RNP template, according to 9155
v6.6 HSDPA Inputs.xls
Note: The HSDPA Quality Graphs
should not be defined
HSPA Predictions: 3) Set Reception Equipment Parameters: HSUPA

Default Bearer to Ec/Nt mappings
for each mobility model already
updated in the latest RNP
template, according to 9155 v6.6
HSUPA Inputs v3.xls
Note: The HSUPA Quality Graphs
should not be defined
HSPA Predictions: 4) Set Terminal Characteristics
Select the reception equipment for which the HSPA parameters have been
defined
Enable HSDPA and/or HSUPA and define UE categories
HSPA Predictions: 5) Define Mobility Parameters
The new parameter for HSDPA is the HS-SCCH Ec/Nt target:
This is used by A9155 to define the power used for the HS-SCCH based on the
radio conditions;
This power is deduced from the HSDPA power specified in the
Transmitters/Cells table.
The HS-SCCH Ec/Nt target value recommended is -13dB based on the Alcatel-
Lucent calculation method.

HSPA Predictions: 6) Define Service Parameters
Select HSDPA and/or HSUPA for the desired HSPA services:

HSPA Predictions: 8) Create Prediction: HSDPA

Select RLC Peak Rates (kbps)
Note: Do not select shadowing
Select indoor losses if considering noise
limited coverage
HSPA Predictions: 8) Create Prediction: HSUPA

Select RLC Peak Rates (kbps)
Note: Do not select shadowing
Select indoor losses if considering noise
limited coverage
Selecting Single User assumes that a single
user takes the entire UL HSUPA cell load limit
Selecting Shared means that the HSUPA cell
load limit is shared amongst the number of
user defined for HSUPA in the cell properties
sheet Number of HSUPA Users
Predictions
HSDPA: Example
HSDPA Study
Predictions
>> Chapter Analysis
Discussions

1) Review of coverage predictions before/after optimization and check against KPI
requirements. Check if initial requirements are met - continuous coverage for CS64
service.

2) Observe service areas for different services

3) Check if 300 Kbps at cell edge can be obtained with HSDPA.

Simulations
7
Simulations
The objectives of this chapter are to

1) Create traffic maps for A9155 for different conditions

2) Run network simulations to show network loading & potential hotspots

3) Discuss problems that might appear in the network and ways to correct
them

4) Run predictions with simulation loading
Simulation objectives
Monte Carlo simulations
Monte Carlo simulations achieve a degree of reality in excess of that which can be
achieved from simple uniform load predictions. The key elements simulated are:

RANDOM USER DISTRIBUTION
Users distributed randomly across the service area according to a defined traffic
distribution.
Influences where the traffic is offered within the network.
RANDOM SERVICE TYPE
Each user is making a call with a random call type (RAB).
The call type is determined by the user service profiles.
Certain probability that a user will be making a call with a particular RAB depending on
the volume of traffic defined in the busy for each service type in the user profile.
RANDOM ACTIVITY
Each randomly distributed user with a random call type can be inactive or active in the
UL, DL or both UL & DL depending on the volume of traffic defined in the user service
profile.
Simulation inputs
Traffic distribution
Most critical input into RNP simulations.
Significant impact on the design, dimensioning and performance of the
network.
More effort at this stage will provide a much more convincing end result:
Added value to the customer
Greater confidence in Alcatel-Lucents design
There are various anticipated levels of traffic distribution information:
No Information

Limited Information

Full Information
Greenfield operator (no existing network data) or substantial
time constraints projects.
Necessary to formulate a traffic map (on a morphology basis).
Most common scenario where there is incomplete sources of
information.
Sufficient information to generate detailed traffic polygons
based on historical network data
Traffic maps can be provided by the customer.

Simulation inputs
Traffic distribution: no information
Import a UMTS Environment Traffic Map from an External Clutter Map File:
Consists of importing a Clutter Class map as a Traffic map
User densities and user types can be assigned to each clutter class.
Methodology:

Import the clutter map as a
traffic map, by selecting traffic
as import type. Check Embed.
Importing a traffic map in such a
manner will divide the geographic
map in many clutter classes.
Associate a specific environment
with each clutter class.
Define each clutter class
weighting for each environment.
Simulation inputs
Associate Environments with Clutter Classes:
Open the Traffic folder in the Geo tab.
Right click on the environment map folder, then click
on properties.
Associate an environment with each clutter class
Possible to assign colors to each clutter class
Several predefined default environments available (can
be modified).
Characterized by a user profile and a user density.
Can be added at the users discretion.
Standard deviations and heights can be defined for each
clutter class:
In Geo tab, double click on Clutter Classes, Description
Tab.
Warning! If a 50% Reliability Level is set, the
shadowing margin will always be 0 independent of what
these standard deviations are set to.

Simulation inputs
Defining the Environments
Data Tab > UMTS parameters > Environments.
Double clicking on Environments opens a new
window containing all the defined environments.
Viewing, Modifying and Adding Environments
View or modify the environment: double click on the arrow
or on the environment name.
Add an environment: enter a name in the first free line,
then click Apply.
Environments Input Parameters
User Type (different user types can coexist in a same
environment, with the same or different densities)
User Mobility
User Density (users/km2)
Clutter based traffic map: clutter weighting table is
available in the environment properties window.
Simulation inputs
Weighting Clutter Classes in an environment
Different clutter classes can be associated with same environment types.
A weighting can be assigned to each clutter class even if they have been associated with
the same environment type.
The clutter class weighting is the proportion of the environment user density associated
with the clutter class relative to other clutter classes associated with the same environment
type.
Example:

Number of users:
Rural environment = (20+5)*200 = 5000 users.
Village clutter = 5000*(10*20)/(10*20+5*5) = 4444 users -> 222 users/km2
Park clutter = 5000*(5*5)/(10*20+5*5) = 555 users -> 111 users/km2

Warning! Clutter class not associated with an environment: clutter weighting in this
environment must be set to 0.

clutter class environment density (users/km2) weight area (km2)
village rural 200 10 20
park rural 200 5 5
Simulation inputs
Traffic distribution: limited information
Insufficient information to generate a detailed traffic map without making unreasonable
assumptions;
Only disparate pieces of information in relation to the traffic distribution.
Not possible to generate a detailed traffic.
The available information can be used to generate a traffic map that provides more
value than using the 1
st
approach.
Lots of possible scenarios: no fixed approach recommended.
Possible sources of information and corresponding traffic map solutions:
Population Distribution Information
Population distribution information may be available (in Landscan for example).
Traffic maps based on user profiles with different user densities for different areas can be used to account for the
population density data.
3G Traffic Distribution
2G operator having a well defined UMTS deployment plan with a traffic distribution for their proposed UMTS sites
based on information from their 2G network.
Full information about the 2G network configuration may be unavailable making generation of a traffic map based on
2G traffic impossible, but it is possible to generate a traffic map 'Based on Transmitters and Service'.
The operators traffic information can be applied to this traffic map on a per cell basis.
Drawback: when new sites are added, the traffic has to be redistributed.
Simulation inputs
Traffic information
Environments User Profiles
DU Business user
Business User Vehic-A: 3 km/h 450 Service Terminal calls/h duration(s) UL Vol (kB) DL Vol (kB)
Standard User Vehic-A: 3 km/h 800 PS128 DCH UE 0.1 100 400
HSDPA USER Vehic-A: 3 km/h 30 PS384 DCH UE 0.2 50 150
U Speech 12.2 DCH UE 0.2 240
Business User Vehic-A: 3 km/h 400 CS64 DCH UE 0.01 600
Standard User Vehic-A: 3 km/h 400 HSPA HSPA UE 0.1 100 100 800
HSDPA USER Vehic-A: 3 km/h 30 Standard User
SU CS64 DCH UE 0.1 100 800
Standard User Vehic-A: 3 km/h 250 PS384 DCH UE 0.2 50 100
HSDPA USER Vehic-A: 3 km/h 130 Speech 12.2 DCH UE 0.2 240
RU HSDPA USER
Standard User Vehic-A: 50 km/h 100 HSPA HSPA UE 0.1 100 600 1,500
HSDPA USER Vehic-A: 50 km/h 30
Simulation inputs
Traffic distribution: Full information
Ideal scenario, typically associated with incumbent 2G operators.
The following information is commonly available:
Existing 2G site configuration details, location, azimuths, EiRPs.
Historical 2G traffic statistics on a per sector basis.

When such information is not available directly from the customer it may be
possible to derive such information through local knowledge/experience
(example: other Alcatel-Lucents customers in the same market).
Steps associated with the generation and configuration of the traffic map:
Generate 2G Best Server Predictions
Import a Vector Based User Profile Traffic Map
Associate User Profiles, Mobilitys with Traffic Map Polygons
Traffic Map Clutter Weightings
Simulation inputs
Import a Vector Based User Profile Traffic Map
Geo tab > Traffic folder > New map > Map based on user profiles (vectors) > Import a File.
Select OK for the properties dialog that appears.
Right click the new traffic map generated and select Properties.
Table tab: add three new columns (User_profile, Mobility and Density) and select Apply.
Traffic Tab: Link the Traffic fields, User Profile, Mobility and Density by selecting defined
by field and then select the new columns generated in the traffic map table.
Enter the clutter weightings for the different clutter classes.
Simulation inputs
Associating User Profiles, Mobilitys with Traffic Map Polygons
Right click the new traffic map and select Open.
For each polygon defined must be linked a User Profile, Mobility and a Density.
Calculation of the user density:
For each of the GSM sectors (used to create the GSM best server polygons), the busy hour traffic in
Erlangs can be used to determine the percentage of the total GSM traffic carried by each
transmitter.
For any given forecasted number of UMTS subscribers, the number falling into each GSM best server
polygon can be determined:
No. UMTS subscribers = Total UMTS subscribers * % of the GSM Traffic/polygon
By deriving the area of each polygon, the UMTS subscriber density can also be calculated.
Simulation inputs
Traffic Map Clutter Weightings
For each polygon a user density has been defined in the traffic map table. This user
density is applied over the entire polygon area in A9155.
Each 2G best server polygon can have a number of different clutter classes from the
underlying clutter map.
Probably, some clutter types will have higher user densities than others.
Example: hypothetical best server polygon (1 km2 coverage area, user density 20 users/
km2, 6 different clutter classes).

Simulation inputs
Traffic forecast
When formulating the service profile, the network can be dimensioned for peak traffic or
for average traffic.
Approach usually applied in Airmust is dimensioning for the peak traffic.
BHCAs combined with volume/call and call duration are by definition averages of the
offered traffic across the busy hour.
A9155 uses this service profile to randomly generate a number of users for any instant in
time during a simulation that corresponds to the average traffic volumes.

In A9155 there is no direct means for simulating the network performance for the peak
traffic associated with a defined service profile

In order to emulate a traffic load equivalent to Airmust ( peak traffic), the traffic
intensities need to be modified:
Apply peak to average ratios to the BHCAs depending on the service type:
RT circuit switched services a factor of 1.1
NRT packet data services a factor of 1.3
Simulation inputs
Traffic forecast
Ideally the service profiles will be broken down for different types of users/market
segments.

Such user profiles are required as inputs for each of the approaches for generating
traffic maps:
No Information traffic map approach: one or more user profiles for different types of users must
be defined for each environment.
Limited Information: depends on the information available and the traffic map approach selected.
Full Information traffic map approach: a user profile must be defined in the traffic map table for
each 2G best server polygon. Note that only one user profile can be associated with each polygon.
Simulation Methodology
Project configuration
Shadowing
A model standard deviation has to be defined in the clutter class properties, so that
shadowing margins can be computed in simulations.
Each user is assigned a service, mobility type and activity status, a geographic position
and a shadowing value in Monte Carlo Simulation
The shadowing experienced by signals being received
from multiple sites is assumed to be correlated with a
correlation of 0.5.

Note: it is necessary to define shadowing values for
each clutter type in the clutter properties window
(Geo > Clutter > Properties).

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, 2009
Project configuration
Penetration losses
Penetration losses should be specified on the clutter classes tab.
Then, when creating each type of traffic map, be sure to consider the
appropriate % of users in indoor condition.

Running simulations
Setting up a new simulation (UMTS Simulation > new)
General Tab
Name the group of simulations to be computed.
Number of simulations: min of 25 recommended to ensure statistically significant
results.
Cell load Constraints:
Number of channel elements do not check
Number of codes do not check
Max uplink load factor: the default value is set to 75%
Max downlink load: the default value is set to 100%
Source Traffic tab
Global scaling factor: enables to increase subscriber density without changing traffic
parameters or cartography.
Select the traffic maps to be used this can be for several traffic maps (A9155 takes
into account the traffic information provided in all the selected maps).
Note: Do not mix several kinds of traffic maps!
Advanced tab
Generator initialization: enables to obtain the same random distribution in two
simulations by giving the same non-zero integer in this field.
The default value of zero is recommended to ensure random initializations of the
simulations.
Convergence: for very large simulation with a large amount of traffic, may be
necessary to limit the maximum iterations and convergence criteria (the default values
are recommended).
Running simulations
Calibration of the offered traffic
When undertaking simulations, usually the actual offered traffic is less than the amount
defined by the traffic maps and usage profiles.
Such discrepancies are dependent on the type of traffic map being used.
Procedure to ensure that the actual offered traffic is equal to the desired traffic:
UL and DL offered throughputs should be checked against the amount of traffic that should be
offered
The correct amount of offered traffic will depend of the number of UMTS subscribers in the
computation zone and the user profile (traffic volume per user).
An iterative process is required to ensure that the offered traffic is correct. The offered traffic can
be easily varied by modifying the scaling factor shown in the source traffic tab:
After running a simulation use the following equation to determine if SCnew is different to SCold

If different then the simulation should be re-run using SCnew
Repeat until the two values converged.
Note: This process must be re-run/checked whenever there are significant changes to the network
configuration.
SCnew= SCold x Ttarget + Tactual
2x Tactual
SCnew = optimised traffic map scaling factor
SCold = traffic map scaling factor from the current simulation
Ttarget = the correct offered throughput
Tactual = the correct offered throughput
Simulation Outputs
Average tab network loading
Committing the UL and DL loadings on a per sector basis and/or running predictions
based on a set of simulations results in prediction outputs that are potentially more
realistic than those generated using uniform loading assumptions.
Ec/Io and Effective Service Area plots benefit the most from simulation inputs (most influenced
by traffic distribution and network loading).
Methodology:
Simulation group > Average simulation > Cells (Average)
Commit results to the cells table once they are verfied
i.e cells now contain actual loading, not fixed

Customer Outputs:
Predictions based on a more realistic traffic distribution and load: more realistic prediction plots
(such as Ec/Io and service coverage) can be shown to the customer.
Note: CPICH RSCP plot is not influenced by committed traffic loads from load distribution
simulation studies, so theres no need to re-run it.
Simulation Outputs
Relevant outputs
Through graphical means:
Call Connections and Failures Plot: plot of all mobiles involved in the simulation, showing successful calls, inactive calls
and call failures.
Immediate indication of locations suffering performance problems, allowing implementation of network enhancements.
Prime importance when running detailed simulation studies, not relevant when considering load distribution studies.

Simulation group > Average simulation:
Statistics Tab: summary of the offered traffic and call failures on a per service basis.
Important indicator of the relative changes in the overall network performance (before and after implementing
changes).
Only relevant when undertaking detailed simulation studies.
Average Tab: site by site summary of site loading (UL & DL), handoff statistics, call failures mechanisms, etc.
UL & DL site loading is the most relevant output, specifically when undertaking load distribution simulation studies.
UL & DL site loading provide an essential input for increasing the accuracy of prediction based RNP studies.
Standard Deviations Tab: the standard deviation of the average outputs sheet
Comparison of the values in the standard deviations sheet with those in the average sheet provides an indication of the
statistical validity of the simulation results (indication of whether sufficient simulations have been run).

Individual simulation > Properties:
Sites: Summary of the CE utilization per site and service throughputs on a per service basis (limited value for ND).
Mobiles: detailed information of each mobile shown in the call connections and failures plot (limited value for ND).
Initial Conditions: summary of the parameters used in the simulation.
Simulation Outputs
Call Failure Mechanisms
The most valuable output obtained from network simulations.
Not generally relevant or considered when undertaking load distribution studies.
Key benefits from analyzing the call failure mechanisms:
Call Connections and Failures Plot: indicative of problematic areas within the network, can be
used to modify/supplement the network design in a particular location.
Example: areas with traffic loadings much higher than assumed in the original link budget <->
capacity analysis based network design will be highlighted in the simulation results with higher
call failures.
The types of call failures are indicative of different design inadequacies which can be addressed
with the appropriate solutions.
Statistics Tab Statistical Analysis: From a statistical perspective, the overall failure rates provide
an indication of network quality on a per service basis (analogous to the area reliability that can
be derived from coverage predictions).

Simulation Outputs
Call connections and failures plot
Run a simulation for a given network configuration,
traffic map and usage profile.
Recommended to plot only the call failures (check
the simulation and deselect Connect UL+DL, Connect
UL, Connect DL, Inactive).
Example: plot of failure mechanism resulting from
a simulation where the actual network loading was
too high in many parts of the network for the number
and placement of sites.
Prevalent failure mechanisms: cell power saturation and Ec/Io < (Ec/Io)min (poor
downlink coverage/capacity).
Overall percentage of call rejections
Failures are clustered in hotspot locations (non-uniform traffic distribution).
Identification of these locations is a key benefit associated with detailed simulation
analyses. This allows the following:
To illustrate that the design accounts for a real traffic distribution.
Ability to identify potential problem areas that are likely to be present due to a
non-uniform traffic distribution.
To graphically justify to a customer the design choices made by Alcatel-Lucent
(need for advanced radio features, extra sites, etc) in defined traffic hotspots
within the network.
Simulation Outputs
Call Failure Mechanisms and causes
Due to signal quality:
Ec/Io < (Ec/Io)min: On the downlink, not enough pilot signal quality.
Ptch > PtchMax: On the downlink, the required traffic channel power exceeds the
defined maximum traffic channel power.
Pmob > PmobMax: On the uplink, there is insufficient mobile transmit power to
satisfy the uplink receive Eb/No.
When the signal quality is acceptable, the network may be saturated:
Load Saturation: The maximum load factor is exceeded (at admission or congestion).
Channel Elements Saturation: The required channel elements exceeds the number
defined for the site.
Cell Power Saturation: On the downlink, the total required downlink power exceeds
the available total downlink power for the cell.
Code Saturation: The required number of OVSF codes exceeds the available codes.
Multiple Causes: When the network is saturated; mobile ejection may be due to
different reasons described above.
Simulation Outputs
Statistics tab statistical analysis
The statistics of the call failure mechanisms provide an indication of network
quality on a per service basis (analogous to the area reliability derived from
coverage predictions).
Such statistics are typically used in conjunction with hotspot analysis.
Methodology:
Simulation group > Average simulation >
statistics tab
Two sections:
Request Section: summarizes the statistics of
the offered traffic
Results Section: a statistical summary of the
simulation results (in terms of the number of
carried calls, throughput and failure
mechanisms)

Statistics tab statistical analysis
Customer Outputs
Call failure mechanism statistics are a good indicator of the network quality on a per service basis
(analogous to the area reliability that derived from coverage predictions), but caution is required
when presenting this information to the customer.
The main value to be obtained from the simulation results is to show to the customer a measure
of the relative network performance before and after a change in traffic or network
configuration.
The overall rejection statistics are ok to show to a customer provided the traffic volumes have
been specified in line with the Airmust peak traffic dimensioning methodology.
Care is required if these figures are widely divergent from the prediction results

Warning: Do not commit on these, or any other simulation results

Service specific rejection statistics must be treated with care, to ensure that they are statistically
significant (particularly for services with low numbers of users).
Simulation Outputs
Simulations
>> Chapter Analysis
Discussion:
- Check the areas with rejected mobiles and discuss what might be the problems.
- Discuss about ways to optimize the network (increase power, add one carrier, add
another site )

Once Simulations are understood and convergence met, the results can be committed
and predictions re-run

Simulation Outputs
Average tab network loading
Committing the UL and DL loadings on a per sector basis and/or running predictions
based on a set of simulations results in prediction outputs that are potentially more
realistic than those generated using uniform loading assumptions.
Ec/Io and Effective Service Area plots benefit the most from simulation inputs (most influenced
by traffic distribution and network loading).
Methodology:
Simulation group > Average simulation > Cells (Average)
Commit results to the cells table once they are verfied
i.e cells now contain actual loading, not fixed

Customer Outputs:
Predictions based on a more realistic traffic distribution and load: more realistic prediction plots
(such as Ec/Io and service coverage) can be shown to the customer.
Note: CPICH RSCP plot is not influenced by committed traffic loads from load distribution
simulation studies, so theres no need to re-run it.
Simulation Outputs
Predictions with Simulation Loading Conditions
Choose in the Condition tab of the desired prediction the simulation for
which we have the results committed :

Compare the predicted results for a fixed cell loading approach with the
results obtained with the loading conditions from simulation.

Fixed Load
Simulation Load
Simulation Outputs
Predictions with Simulation Loading Conditions
Use the comparison functionality to directly see the difference

This feature only compares covered pixels not level difference.

Simulations
>> Chapter Analysis
Questions or discussion
- There are more ways to create traffic maps (raster based or vector based)
- Run simulations and observe spots with problems
- Discuss methods to solve the problems
- Commit on loading results and run predictions based on new cell loads

Prediction difference based on simulation loading

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