Signals Ans Systyem 1

Continuous Time Signals
Basic Signals Singularity Functions

Transformations of Continuous Time Signals
Signal Characteristics
Common Signals

23 September 2014 Veton Kpuska 2
Continuous-Time Signals
Assumptions:
Functions, x(t), are of the one
independent variable that typically
represents time, t.
Time t can assume all real values:
- < t < ,
Function x(t) is typically a real function.
Singularity Functions
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u
( t )
time [sec]
Unit Sample Signal
Unit Step Function
Unit step
function
definition:
( )
<
>
=
0 , 0
0 , 1
t
t
t u
Unit Step Function Properties
Scaling:
Unit step function can be
scaled by a real constant K
(positive or negative)

Multiplication:
Multiplication of any
function, say x(t), by a unit
step function u(t) is
equivalent to defining the
signal x(t) for t0.

( ) ( ) t Ku t f =
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , > t t x t u t x
Unit Ramp Function
Unit Ramp Function
is defined as:
( )
<
>
=
0 , 0
0 ,
t
t t
t r
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
r ( t )
time [sec]
Unit Sample Signal
Unit Ramp Function Properties
Scaling:
Unit step function can be
scaled by a real constant K
(positive or negative)

Integral of the unit step function
is equal to the ramp function:

Derivative of the unit ramp
function is the unit step
function.
( ) ( ) t Kr t f =
Slope of the
straight line
( ) ( )
}

=
t
d u t r t t
( )
( )
dt
t dr
t u =
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
o
( t )
time [sec]
Unit Sample Signal
Unit Impulse Function
Unit Impulse
Function, also know
as Dirac delta
function, is defined
as:
( )
( ) 9 e > =
=
=
=
}
c c t t o
o
c
c
& 0 1
0 , 0
0 ,
d
t
t
t
Properties
Scaling:
Unit impulse function can
be scaled by a real constant
K (positive or negative)

Delta function can be
approximated by a pulse
centered at the origin
( ) ) ( lim t d t
A
= o
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
o
( t )
time [sec]
Unit Sample Signal
A 2
1
+
A 2
1
A
Properties
Unit impulse function is
related to unit step
function:

Conversely:
( )
( )
dt
t du
t = o
( ) ( ) 0 & = =
}

t t d t u
t
t t o
Proof:
1. t<0

2. t>0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 since , 0 0 = < = =
}

t t d t u
t
o t t o
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , 1 since , 0 1 > = > = =
} }

c t t o t t o
c
c
d t d t u
t
Time Transformation of
Signals
Time Reversal:
=
=
=
=
) ( ) (
&
) ( ) (
,
) ( ) (
0 0
0 0
0
t x t y
t x t y
t t
t x t y
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
y(t)=x(-t)
x(t)
Time Scaling
=
=
=
=
=
) ( ) (
&
) ( ) (
,
0
&
) ( ) (
0
0
0 0 0
t x
a
t
y
at x t y
a
t t
at x t y
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
1
2
0 -1 -2
-
1
1 2
t
y(t)=x
(2t)
x(t)
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
y(t)=x(0.5t)
3 4
|a| > 1 Speed Up
|a| < 1 Slow Down
Time Shifting
) 0 ( ) (
: Note
constant a is ,
) ( ) (
: signal a Given
0
0
0
x t y
t
t t x t y
x(t)
=
=
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t)
1
2
0
-1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t-2)
3 4
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t+1)
Example 1
( )
( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
3 3 cos
2
3 cos
) ( ) (
2
3 cos ) (
0
0
0
0
0
t
t
t
t t e e
t t e
t t x t y
t e t x
t t
t t
t
Independent Variable
Transformations
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
=
= + =
9 + =
a
b
a
t
y t x
b at x t y
t t
a
b
a
t b at
b a b at x t y
0
0
0 0
0
) (
) ( ) (
, ), ( ) (
t
t
Example 2
2
3
2
3 2
) 3 2 ( ) (
+ = + =
+ =
t
t t t
t x t y
Example 3
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t)
1
0 2 4 -2 t=2-2t
2
0 -2 -4
-1
2 4 t
y(t)=x(1-t/2)
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= + = =
=
+ = + =
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
1
1 ) (
) 0 ( ) 2 1 2 ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
2 2 1
2
2
1 ) (
0
0
0
x x t y
y y x t x
t
t
t
t
x t y
t t
Independent Variable
Transformations
1. Replace t with t, on the original plot of the
signal.
2. Given the time transformation:

Solve for

3. Draw the transformed t-axis directly below
the t-axis.
4. Plot y(t) on the t-axis.
b at + = t
a
b
a
t =
t
Amplitude Transformations
constants real ,
) ( ) (

+ =
B A
B t Ax t y
Example 4
Consider signal in the
figure. Suppose the
signal is applied to an
amplifier with the gain of
3 and introduces a bias
(a DC value) of -1. That
is:

1 ) ( 3 ) ( = t x t y
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t)
1
3
+
-1
x(t)
3x(t) 3x(t)-1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
3x(t)-1
1
Example 5
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
3x(t)-1
1
2 4 6 0 -2 t
t = 1t/2 => t=-2t+2
2
-1
3x(1t/2 )-1
1
2 6 0 -2 t 4
2 2
2
1
1
2
1 3 ) (
+ = =
|
.
|
\
|
=
t t t
t
t
x t y
Transformations of Signals
Name y(t)
Time reversal x(-t)
Time scaling x(at)
Time shifting x(t-t
0
)
Amplitude reversal -x(t)
Amplitude scaling Ax(t)
Amplitude shifting x(t)+B
Signal Characteristics
Even and Odd Signals
Even
Functions
x
e
(t)=x
e
(-t)
Odd
Functions
x
o
(t)=-x
o
(-t)
2A
0 -1 -2
-A
1
2
t
x
e
(t)
A
2A
0 -1 -2
-A
1
2
t
x
o
(t)
A
Even and Odd Signals
Any signal can be expressed as the sum of
even part and on odd part:

| | | | ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
t x t x t x t x t x t x
t x t x t x
t x t x t x
t x t x t x
o e
o e
o e
o e
= + =
=
+ =

+ =
Average Value
Average Value of the signal x(t) over a period of time [-T, T] is
defined as:
}
} }
}
}

=
= + =
= + =
+ =
=
T
T
e
T
x
T
T
T
T
o e
T
x
T
T
o e
T
x
o e
T
T
T
x
dt t x
T
A
dt t x dt t x
T
A
dt t x t x
T
A
t x t x t x
dt t x
T
A
) (
2
1
lim
} ) ( ) ( {
2
1
lim
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
lim
)] ( ) ( [ ) (
) (
2
1
lim
The average value of a signal is contained in its even function
(why?).
Properties of even and odd
functions
1. The sum of two even functions is even.
2. The sum of two odd functions is odd.
3. The sum of an even function and an odd
function is neither even nor odd.
4. The product of two even functions is even.
5. The product of two odd functions is even.
6. The product of an even function and an
odd function is odd.
Periodic Signals
Periodic Signals
t T T t x t x > + = & 0 ), ( ) (
Continuous-time signal x(t) is periodic if:
T is period of the signal.

A signal that is not periodic is said to be
aperiodic.
Periodic Signals
If constant T is a period of of a function x(t)
than nT is also its period, where T>0 and n
is any positive integer.
) ( ) (
) 2 ( ) (
nT t x t x
T t x T t x
+ =
+ = +
The minimal value of the constant T >0 is a
that satisfies the definition x(t)= x(t+ T) is
called a fundamental period of a signal and it is
denoted by T
0
.
Examples of Periodic Signals
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y
(
t
)
=
c
o
s
(
w
t
)
Time [s]
) cos( ) ( t t y e =
Sinusoidal Signal Properties
( ) ( ) < < + = t t A t x u e cos
A Amplitude of the signal
e - is the frequency in rad/sec
u - is phase in radians
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Periodic Signal
c
o
s
(
e
t +
u
)
Angle [rad]
cos(-tt+0.00)
cos(-tt+0.52)
Sinusoidal Function Properties
Note:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | o | o | o
| o | o | o
| o
sin cos cos sin sin
sin sin cos cos cos
] [ ,
=
=
rad
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) o t o
o t o
o
sin 2 sin
cos 2 cos
] [
= +
= +
rad
Periodicity of Sinusoidal Signal
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
f
T
T t x
T t A
t A
t A
t A t x
t
t
e
u e
u
e
t
e
t u e
u e
2
2
cos
2
cos
2 cos
cos
= =
+ =
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ + =
+ =
Example: Sawtooth Periodic
Waveform
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
y
(
t
)
Period and Frequency
Fundamental Period T
0
Measured in
seconds.
Fundamental Frequency f
0
Measured in Hz
number of periods (cycles) per second or
equivalently in radian frequency rad/s.

(
= =
=
s
rad
T
f
Hz
T
f
0
0 0
0
0
1
2 2
] [
1
t t e
Testing for Periodicity
1.
) ( ) (
2 for ) sin( ) sin(
) (
? ) (
) sin(
) sin(
) sin(
t x e T t x
T t T t
e T t x
e t x
t
T t
t
= = +

= = +
= +
=
+
t
Testing for Periodicity
2.
) (
) (
) ( ) (
2 for ) sin( ) sin(
) ( ) (
? ) (
) sin(
) sin( ) sin(
) sin(
) sin(
) sin(
t x
Te t x
Te te
e T t T t x
T t T t
e T t T t x
te t x
t
t t
t
T t
t
=
+ =
+ =
+ = +

= = +
+ = +
=
+
t
Composite Signals
Each signal can be decomposed into a sum of series of
pure periodic signals (Taylor Series Expansion/Fourier
Series Expansion)

The sum of continuous-time periodic signals is periodic if
and only if the ratios of the periods of the individual
signals are ratios of integers.
Composite Signals
If a sum of N periodic signals is periodic, the
fundamental period can be found as follows:

1. Convert each period ratio, T
o1
/T
oi
i N , to a ratio
of integers, where T
o1
is the period of the first
signal considered and T
oi
is the period of one of
the other N-1 signals. If one or more of these
ratios is not rational, the sum of signals is not
periodic.
2. Eliminate common factors from the numerator
and denominator of each ratio of integers.
3. The fundamental period of the sum of signals is
T
o
=k
o
T
o1
; k
o
is the least common multiple of the
denominators of the individual ratios of integers.
Composite Signals
If
x
1
(t) is periodic with period T
1
, and
x
2
(t) is periodic with period T
2
,
Then
x
1
(t)+x
2
(t) is periodic with period equal to the
least common multiple (T
1
, T
2
) if the ratio of
the two periods is a rational number, where
k
1
and k
2
are integers:

2 2 1 1
1
2
2
1
T k T k
k
k
T
T
= =
Composite Signals
Let
T= k
1
T
1
= k
2
T
2
y(t) = x
1
(t)+x
2
(t)
Then
y(t+T) = x
1
(t+T)+x
2
(t+T)= x
1
(t+ k
1
T
1
)+x
2
(t+ k
2
T
2
)=
x
1
(t)+x
2
(t) = y(t)

Example 2.7 a)
Assume that v(t) is a sum of periodic
signals given below. Determine if the
signal is periodic and what its
periodicity?
)
6
7
cos( ) (
) 2 cos( ) (
) 5 . 3 cos( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
1
3 2 1
t t x
t t x
t t x
t x t x t x t v
=
=
=
+ + =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-4
-2
0
2
4
v
( t )
time
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
1
( t )
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
2
( t )
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x
3
( t )
Solution
Determine whether v(t) constituent
signals have periods with ratios that are
integers (rational numbers):
6
7
2 2
2
2 2
5 . 3
2 2
3
03
2
02
1
01
t
e
t
t
e
t
t
e
t
= =
= =
= =
T
T
T
21
7
5 . 3
6
7
6
7
2
5 . 3
2
7
4
5 . 3
2
2
2
5 . 3
2
03
01
02
01
= = =
= = =
t
t
t
t
T
T
T
T
Solution
Ratios of periods are rational numbers thus the
composite signal v(t) is periodic.
Elimination of common factors:
T
01
/T
02
= 4/7
T
01
/T
03
= 7/21=1/3
Least common multiple of the denominator
ratios:
n
1
= 3*7=21
Fundamental period of v(t) is:
T
0
= n
1
T
01
= 21*2t/3.5=12t
Example 2.7 b)
Assume that to v(t) is added a periodic
signal x
4
(t) given below. Determine if the
signal is periodic and what its
periodicity?
) 5 cos( 3 ) (
)
6
7
cos( ) (
) 2 cos( ) (
) 5 . 3 cos( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1
t t x
t t x
t t x
t t x
t x t x t x t x t v
t =
=
=
=
+ + + =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
v
( t )
time
Solution
Since ratio of the x
1
(t) and x
4
(t) periods is
not a rational number the v(t) is not
periodic.
t
t
e
t
5
2 2
4
04
= = T
t
t
t
t
t
7
10
5 . 3
5
5
2
5 . 3
2
04
01
= = =
T
T
Homework #1:
1. For x(t)=Acos(et+u) find
What are its maximum and minimum values?
What are corresponding times when they
occur?
What is the value of the function when it
crosses vertical y- axis (ordinate) and
horizontal x-axis (abscissa)?
At what time instances the function becomes
zero?
Indicate all the above point values in a plot.
Homework #1
Use the following MATLAB
script to test your
calculations and plot the
function:

function pfunc(A, f, th1, th2)
%
% Periodic Sine Function
% A - gain (1)
% f - frequency (1)
% th1 - phase of the first signal (0)
% th2 - phase of the second signal
(pi/6)
%

w = 2.*pi.*f; % radial frequency
fs = 0.0001*f;
mint = -pi*f/2;
maxt = pi*f/2;
miny = -1.2*A;
maxy = 1.2*A;

t = mint:fs:maxt; % time axis
y = A*cos(w*t+th1);
plot(t, y, 'b', 'LineWidth',2);
title('Periodic Signal');
grid on; hold; axis([mint maxt miny
maxy]);
y = A*cos(w*t+th2);
plot(t, y, 'r', 'LineWidth',2);
ylabel('cos(\omegat+\theta)');
xlabel('Angle x\pi [rad]');
grid on; hold; axis([mint maxt miny
maxy]);
x=-0.8;
text(x,A*cos(w*x+th1),sprintf('%s+%3.2f)
','\leftarrow cos(-\pit',th1),...
'HorizontalAlignment','left',...
'BackgroundColor','b');
x=-0.6;
text(x,A*cos(w*x+th2),sprintf('%s+%3.2f)
','\leftarrow cos(-\pit',th2),...
'HorizontalAlignment','left',...
'BackgroundColor','r');
Homework #1
Problems 2.1, 2.2, 2.9, 2.10, 2.13,
2.14, 2.20.
Example
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(t)
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x(-t)
1
2
0 -1 -2
-1
1 2
t
x
e
(t)
1
2
0 -1 -2 1 2
t
x
o
(t)
1
-1
Consider the signal to the left and its time reversed version.
The signal is decomposed into its even and odd functions:
| | | | ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( t x t x t x t x t x t x
o e
= + =
Common Signals in
Engineering
Common Signals
Continuous-time physical systems are
typically modeled with ordinary linear
differential equations with constant
coefficients.

0 , ) 0 ( ) (
: Solution
constant ), (
) (
> =
=
t e x t x
a t ax
dt
t dx
at
Exponential Signals
Useful Complex Exponential Relations
part Imaginary
part Real
constants complex be can & , ) (
+ =

=
e
e o
o
j a
a C Ce t x
at
Eulers Formula
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
j
e e e e
j e
j e
j j j j
j
j
2
sin &
2
cos
sin sin & cos cos
sin cos
sin cos
u u u u
u
u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u

=
+
=
= =
=
+ =
Example of Exponential
Functions
1. C and a real, x(t)=Ce
at

a=o, o>0 Increasing Exponential:
Chemical Reactions, Uninhibited growth of bacteria, human
population?
a=o, o<0 Decaying Exponential:
Radioactive decay, response of an RC circuit, damped
mechanical system.
a=o, o=0 Constant (DC) signal.

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ae
ot
A
e
+ / -o
t
Time [sec]
Ae
ot
, o>0 Ae
ot
, o<0
Ae
ot
, o=0
Time Constant of the Exponential
Function
The constant parameter t is called the time constant in
of the exponential function presented below.

To relate to the time constant the following is necessary:
( ) 0 , > = =

t
t
t
at
Ce Ce t x
( )
( ) | |
C b
C
a b at y
C
e
C
C x t
e
C
Ce
dt
d
dt
t dx
t
t
t t
= = + =
= = =
> = =
=

t
t t
t
t
t
t t
;
0 , 0
0 ,
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ae
ot
A
e
o
t
Time [sec]
0.368
Example of Exponential
Functions
2. C complex, a imaginary, x(t)=Ce
at

a=je, o=0; C=Ae
j|
A and | are real:

For C real (|=0)

x(t) is periodic:

Why x(t) is periodic?
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | e | e
| e e |
+ + + = = = =
+
t jA t A Ae e Ae Ce t x
t j t j j at
sin cos
( ) ( ) ( ) t jA t A Ae Ce t x
t j at
e e
e
sin cos + = = =
( ) ( ) period the is T T t x t x + =
Periodicity of Complex
Exponential
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) t x t x e T t x
j j e
j T j T
T f
f
T
T j T e
t x e e Ce Ce T t x
Ce t x
T j
T j
T j
T j T j t j T t j
t j
= = +
= + = + =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
= +
= = =
+ =
= = = +
=
+
e
e
e
e e e e
e
t t
e
t
e
e
t
e e e
e
t
t e
e e
~
1 0 1 2 sin 2 cos
2
sin
2
cos sin cos
2
2 &
1
sin cos
~
Example of Complex
Exponentials
3. C complex, a complex, x(t)=Ce
at

C=Ae
j|
, A and | are real;
a=o+je, o, e are also real.
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )

Im Re
Factor Damping
sin cos
sin cos
| e | e
| e | e
o o
o
| e o | e o | e o
e o |
+ + + =
+ + + =
= = =
= =
+ + + +
+
t Ae j t Ae
t j t Ae
e Ae e Ae Ae
e Ae Ce t x
t t
t
t j t j t j t j t j t
t j j at
Time-Shifted Signals
Time-Shifted Impulse Function
Shift o(t) by t
0
:

Sifting Property of the Impulse Function:
( )
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
, 1
t t
t t
t t o
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
t f d t f =
}

t t o t
Examples of Impulse Functions
Properties of the Unit Impulse
Function
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) t t
dt
a
t
t
a
dt t at
t
t t
d t t t u
t t u
dt
d
t t
t t t f t t t f t t t f
t t t f t f dt t t t f
t t t f t f dt t t t f
t
o o
o o
t t o
o
o o
o
o
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

<
>
= =
=
= =
= =
= =
} }
}
}
}
. 7
1
. 6
0 , 0
, 1
. 5
. 4
at continuous . 3
at continuous , . 2
at continuous , . 1
-
0
-
0
-
0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0
-
0 0
0
-
0 0
Shifted Unit Step Function
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u(t) & u(t-t
d
)
u
( t ) &
u
( t - t
d
)
Time [sec]
u(t) u(t-t
d
)
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
u(t) & u(t-t
d
)
u
( t ) &
u
( t - t
d
)
Time [sec]
u(t) u(t-t
d
)
( ) ( ) 4 & t u t u
( ) ( ) 5 & + t u t u
( )
<
>
=
0
0
0
0
, 1
t t
t t
t t u
Continuous & Piece-wise
Continuous Functions
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p
t
(t)
p
t ( t )
Time [sec]
p
t
(t)
-t/2 +t/2
Rectangular Function

( ) ( )
> >
= =
elsewhere
t
t p t p
0
2 2
, 1
,
t t
t
t
Rectangular Function
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p
t
(t)=u(t+t
d
)-u(t-t
d
)
p
t
( t ) , u
( t ) &
u
( t - t
d
)
Time [sec]
u(t)
u(t-t
d
)
p
t
(t)
-t/2 +t/2
( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
2 2
,
t t
t
t
t u t u t p t p
Triangular Pulse Function
( )
s s +
s s +
=
2
0 1
2
0
2
, 1
2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t p
tr
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p
t
tr
(t)
p
t t r( t )
Time [sec]
p
t
tr
(t), t<0 p
t
tr
(t), t>0
p
t
tr
(t)
-t/2 +t/2
Straight Line Equation
( )
0 0
x x m y y =
[x
0
,y
0
] - a point on the line
[x
1
,y
1
[x
2
,y
2
m = (y
2
-y
1
)/(x
2
-x
1
) - slope
Composite Signal from Straight
Lines
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 0
3 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 1
1
0
1 0 0 0 0
,
,
,
,
t t t x t t u t t m t x t t u t t m t x t x
t t t t t u t t m t x
t t t x t t u t t m t x t x
t t t t t u t t m t x
t t t x t x
t t t t u t t m t x
< + + =
< < =
< + =
< < =
< =
< =
Example of Composite Signal
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 5 1 1 3 + = t u t u t t tu t u t f
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
f
(
t
)
=
3
u
(
t
)
+
t
u
(
t
)
-
(
t
-
1
)
u
(
t
-
1
)
-
5
u
(
t
-
2
)
Time [sec]
u(t)
tu(t)
-(t-1)u(t-1)
-5u(t-2)
f(t)=3u(t)+tu(t)-(t-1)u(t-1)-5u(t-2)

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Continuous Time Signals

Basic Signals Singularity Functions

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