Historical Introduction

Medical Microbiology
Dr.N.Bharathi Santhose MBBS., MD( Micro).,

What is Microbiology?
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
Bio - life
ology - study of

Microbiology Science about small living things
The morphology and structures
Physiology
Pathogenesis and Immunology (medical microbiology)
Diagnosis,Treatment and prevention (medical microbiology)
Organisms included in the study
of Microbiology
1. Bacteria
2. Parasites
3. Yeasts and Molds
Fungi
4. Viruses
Bacteriology
Parasitology
Mycology

Virology
Organisms Related To Medical
Microbiology
Acellular microbes
Viruses
Prokaryotic microbes
Bacteria
Eubacteria Chlamydia
Spirochetes Rickettsiae
Mycoplasma Actinomycetes
Eukaryotic microbes
Fungi & Parasites
Brief History of Microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

In 1674 -1st person to actually see living microorganisms
wee animalcules
Robert Hook -1678
Developed compound microscope & confirmed
Spontaneous Generation
Theory that life just
spontaneously
developed from non-living
matter

Example:
toads, snakes and mice -
moist soil
flies and maggots - manure
and decaying flesh
Spallanzani -1769
Opposed spontaneous generation theory
- Organic contents supported the microbial growth
when exposed to air
Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi 1668

Rudolph Virchow 1858
Theory of Biogenesis - Cells can only arise
from preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur 1861
Louis Pasteur designed special swan-necked
flasks with a boiled meat infusion


Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
French chemist
Interest in fermentation
experiments
Established that
fermentation was caused
by microbial agents
Father of Microbiology
Important contributions
Microbial theory of fermentation
Proved that life including microorganisms arise
from their like not spontaneously
Principles & Practices of sterilization
Development of initial bacteriological techniques
& methods
Principle of Attenuation of Micro organism
Developed vaccine against chicken cholera,
Anthrax & Rabies.


Germ theory of Diseases

1867 -Father of Antiseptic Surgery 1846 discovered importance of sterility
in medical operations
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
German Physician
Father of Bacteriology
Microbial Etiology of
Infectious Disease
Established scientific rules
to show a cause and effect
relationship between a
microbe and a disease -
Kochs Postulates


Important Contributions
Perfected Bacteriological Techniques
Introduced methods for isolation of pure strains of
bacteria
Introduced staining techniques for visualization of
microorganisms
Discovery & use of solid medium in Bacteriology
Discovery of causative agents of Tuberculosis,
Anthrax & Cholera
Use of laboratory animals for Experimental
Infections
Kochs Postulates
1. The same organisms must be found in all
cases of a given disease.
2. The organism must be isolated and grown
in pure culture.
3. The isolated organism must reproduce the
same disease when inoculated into a healthy
susceptible animal.
4. The original organism must again be
re-isolated from the experimentally infected
animal.


Exceptions to Kochs Postulates
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
Paul Ehrlich (1854 -1915)
German Scientist
Father of Chemotherapy
Discovered salvarsan-as a
chemotherapeutic agent for
syphilis
Opened the new branch of
medicine chemotherapy
Important Contribution
Refined the science of staining the organism
Identified that mycobacteria have acid fastness
nature
Proposed the theory for antibody production
Side chain theory
Introduced methods of standardizing toxin and
antitoxin
Discovery of Virus
By the end of 19
th
century existence of
ultra microscopic microbes was
proved
Dimitri Iwanovski (1892)
a Russian chemist
Father of Virology
Martinus Beijerinck ( Dutch
Microbiologist) confirmed
Walter Reed, USA (1902)
Yellow fever virus
Ist human disease of viral origin


Tobacco mosaic disease, caused by the
tobacco mosaic virus
Contd..
Good Pasture (1930 )developed techniques for
viral cultivation in chick embryo
Ruska (1934) introduced Electron Microscope
Enders (1940) developed Tissue culture
techniques for viral isolation
Classification of Microorganism
Dr.N.Bharathi Santhose MBBS., MD( Micro).,


Classification by structure

Subcellular DNA or RNA surrounded by a
protein coat viruses

Prokaryotic simple cell structure with no
nucleus or organelles bacteria

Eukaryotic complex cell structure with
nucleus and specialized organelles
protozoans, fungi, parasites

Differences..
Prokaryote cells
capsule: slimy outer coating
cell wall: tougher middle layer
cell membrane: delicate inner skin
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building proteins

Eukaryote cells
Organelles are
membrane-bound cell
parts - Mini organs
that have unique
structures and functions
Located in cytoplasm
Cell membrane
delicate lipid
and protein
skin around
cytoplasm
found in all
cells
Cell Structures
Nucleus
a membrane-bound
sac evolved to store
the cells
chromosomes(DNA)
has pores: holes
Nucleolus
inside nucleus
location of
ribosome
factory
processing of
m RNA

mitochondrion
makes the
cells energy
the more
energy the cell
needs, the more
mitochondria it
has
Ribosomes
build proteins from
amino acids in
cytoplasm
may be free-
floating, or
may be attached to
ER
made of RNA
Endoplasmic
reticulum
may be smooth:
builds lipids and
carbohydrates
may be rough:
stores proteins
made by attached
ribosomes
Golgi Complex
takes in sacs of
raw material
from ER
sends out sacs
containing
finished cell
products
Lysosomes
sacs filled with
digestive enzymes
digest worn out cell
parts
digest food
absorbed by cell
Centrioles
pair of bundled tubes
organize cell
division
Cytoskeleton
made of
microtubules
found throughout
cytoplasm
gives shape to cell
& moves
organelles around
inside.