DSM Techniques and Energy

Audit - Application
Case Studies
K.Balaraman
Chief General Manager
PRDC, Bangalore
Introduction
The concept of energy conservation & DSM
Techniques dates back to late sixties and early
seventies with the oil crisis
The Basic objective of DSM is to improve energy
efficiency, reducing cost of energy
In automobile sector, todays automobiles
consumes about less than 50% of petrol as
compared to early 70s.
The new refrigerators require just 1/3 the
electricity as they did some 20 years back
Introduction..
Demand-side management (DSM) refers to
measures sponsored, funded and/or
implemented by utilities that modify end-use
electrical energy consumption, either
reducing overall consumption through energy
efficiency, or
using load management to reduce demand at
times when the cost of reducing demand is less
than the cost of servicing it.
DSM Categories





Peak
Clipping
Load
Shifting
Flexible
Load Shape
Strategic
Conservation

Strategic
Load Growth
Valley
Filling
Fig 2.1 OBJECTIVES OF DSM
DSM
Categories
Alternate Technique
End use equipment control
Residential & commercial Consumers
Remote Control Cycling
Local Controller
Remote on-off Control
Industrial Consumers
Demand Limiter
Load Priority technique
Demand controller
Peak alert system
Timers
Alternate Technique
Utility equipment control
Voltage reduction
Frequency Reduction
Feeder Control
Energy Storage
Cold Storage
Heat Storage
Pumped storage plant
Alternate Technique
Electricity Pricing & Incentives
ToD
Spot Pricing
Load Control Contracts
Demand Contracts
Dispersed Generation
Stand-by generating system
Solar Systems
Wind Generation
Alternate Technique
Consumers promotions
Performance Improvement
High energy efficiency equipment
Utility system improvements
DSM Strategies
All electrical industries are regulated by
government to a greater or lesser degree.
In late 1970s, regulators began to think
about DSM as a way of helping to reduce the
total social cost of providing energy services.
DSM as a way of promoting energy efficiency,
saw most utility managements to resist the
program
With energy efficiency, the overall level of
utility sales and revenues is likely to be lower
than would otherwise be the case.
sticks and carrots policy
Some of the regulatory incentives used were
as follows:
Guarantee that the utility could recover all its
direct expenditures for approved DSM spending.
Rate-basing of DSM expenditures so they could be
amortised and earn a return for the utility.
Provision for the utility to recover revenues lost
between rate cases due to DSM programs
reducing sales.
Overall rate of return penalty for utility failure to
comply with regulatory DSM directives.
sticks and carrots policy
Overall rate of return reward for utility success in
DSM.
Rate of return premium on the utilitys rate-based
DSM costs.
Rate of return premium on utilitys rate-based
DSM costs if savings targets are reached.
Disallowance of specific DSM costs when results
were inadequate.
Share of net societal benefits produced by DSM
awarded to utility.
Schedule of dollar rewards to utility based on DSM
achievements.
DSM Process
Case Studies
Domestic Sector
Available Technologies
Energy efficient Lamps
Alternate strategies in cooking & Heating
Electricity to gas
Gas to Solar?
Improvement in Refrigerators & Air
conditioners
Domestic Sector
Barriers
High initial capital cost for alternate design
Mass production & Application
Incentives ?
Currently the ESCOMs provide 25ps/unit for a
maximum of Rs.25 for domestic installation
which have installed solar water heaters
BESCOM is promoting branding of energy
efficient lighting program
Agriculture Sector
Technologies
Energy efficient pumps
Use of Solar energy for pumping
Use of friction less pipes
Barriers
No incentive for consumers to change as
energy is available at low or nil cost
Solar Power for IP Sets
Solar power for IP sets usage makes sound
economic sense for both Agricultural
consumers as well as Utilities
Solar Dish System Cost Economics shows a
encouraging results
Cost/kWh for mass produced Solar system
would range from Rs.4 to Rs.1.30 depending
on the Grant portion
Advantages
Agricultural consumers need to pump
water mostly when the sun shine is
good
During low sun period & monsoon,
there is no need for pumping water
India is gifted with ample sunshine in
particular in Southern Peninsula
P R D C
Introduction
P R D C
The Dictionary variously defines the word AUDIT as.
A formal examination and verification.
A methodological examination and review.
An examination with intent to verify.

The alphabetic nature of AUDIT conveys a five fold
concept:
A - Analyse the complete usage of electricity
U Use it properly and utilize it most efficiently.
D Drives must properly match the requirement.
I Improper use of electricity is waste.
T Try to practice conservation at every place and at all times.
P R D C
Energy Audit Objectives
Identifying the high technical loss areas.
Identifying the high commercial loss areas.
To take effective measures to reduce them.
Improve the reliability & quality of power
supply.
Increase the billing consumption & thus
improve the finances of the utility.
Optimal utilization of equipment capacities.
Improve the efficiency of the system.
P R D C
Energy Audit Objectives
It tries to answer how, where, when
and how much energy is used in the system
and offers a peep into energy usage pattern.
Systematic approach to decision making in
the area of energy management.
Long-term energy savings through the use of
energy efficient equipment and also through
persistent design review.
Identifying the areas where energy losses can
be reduced and to take appropriate
measures.
Flowchart for Energy Audit
Fig.1 Flowchart for Energy Audit
P R D C
Energy Consumption Analysis
The present consumption and past trends in
energy consumption for a given system shall be
analyzed by
Comparing standard consumption to actual
Considering sub-metering in various points
Producing an energy balance diagram for the firm
Comparing energy consumption with other locations, other
firms, previous results and budget
Checking the losses, efficiencies of the equipment with their
ratings
Examining the need for automation of the process and
controls
P R D C
Energy Consumption Analysis
Examining the need for improving the
instrumentation by assessing the correctness
of the instrumentation used.
Developing energy use indices to compare
the performance or productivity of the system
Reviewing the newly planned projects with
respect to energy use and the energy
efficiency of the projects after their
implementation
Introducing energy use monitoring
procedures to monitor the energy use and
efficiency of each part of the system
Considering change in the management
information system to include energy
parameters
Training the concerned staff about energy
awareness and energy management
principles and methodologies.
P R D C
Types of Energy Audit
The type of EA depends on several
factors.
Type of industry
Depth to which final audit is needed
Normally, the energy audit is classified
into two categories
Preliminary Energy Audit
Detailed Energy Audit
P R D C
Preliminary Energy Audit
The typical output of a PEA is a set of
recommendations and immediate low cost
action that can be taken up by the
department head
Forming a team with available in-house expertise
Carrying out a walkthrough survey
Collecting system data pertaining to energy
consumption, for last one year or more
Developing energy consumption profile according
to the data collected.
Surveying the energy used in non-working hours
Developing checklist of normal working hours
keeping the routine practices and functions
P R D C
Detailed Energy Audit
Quantify energy consumption by actual
measurements over a period of time
Carryout detailed engineering studies for
various options available to modify, retrofit or
replace
Implement the changes and continuously
monitor the later effects so as to counter
check the reduction in consumption
Integrate with the observations of preliminary
audits
P R D C
Thank You