FLOODS

Flood Management
&
Mitigation options
AR0557
DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDINGS AND MANAGEMENT
- Assignment
D.Ajay kumar / B.arch-A- IX semester / 1451010006 / SRM University
FLOOD MANAGEMENT

To have an overview of different flood management strategies used in different parts
of the world.
To understand the purposes of flood management.
To evaluate some of the strategies used.
What are the aims of flood management?
Protection of people & property from the damaging impacts of floods
Alleviation (reduction) of the flood risk
Monitoring, research, forecasting & warning
There are 2 main groups of strategies: -
Hard engineering (structural) methods: e.g. water storage dams, river channel modifications, embankments
(levees)
Soft engineering (river basin management): e.g flood abatement, flood plain zoning (managed retreat),
river restoration
Why do Rivers Flood?
Rivers flood naturally
People live near rivers from both a historical as well as a cultural perspective
Floods are a natural hazard
Many rivers flood consistently
Humans alter natural landscapes flood risk can increase.
Flood Frequency
How to calculate flood frequency:
Size of largest flood for each year is ranked with 1 being the largest for all available records for
any given year
T = n+1
m
T = Recurrence intervals
n = The number of years of observation
m = The rank Order
FLOODS IMPACTS
Human Loss
Property Loss
Affects the Major Roads
Disruption of Air / Train / Bus services
Spread of Water-borne Communicable Diseases
Communication Breakdown
Electricity Supply Cut off
Flood forecasting
Anticipating floods before they occur allows for precautions to be taken and people to be warned so that
they can be prepared in advance for flooding conditions.
For example,
Farmers can remove animals from low-lying areas and utility services can put in place emergency
provisions to re-route services if needed. Emergency services can also make provisions to have
enough resources available ahead of time to respond to emergencies as they occur.
In order to make the most accurate flood forecasts for waterways, it is best to have a long time-series of
historical data that relates stream flows to measured past rainfall events
Radar estimates of rainfall and general weather forecasting techniques are also important components of
good flood forecasting.
National
perspective:

Urban regions with more than 5 million population
Mumbai, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir and Bihar.
Brief review of floods with the help of secondary sources of data
Regional
Perspective

Urban Regions with more than 3 million population.
Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada(case study area) urban region.
Brief review of floods with the help of secondary sources of data.
Local
Perspective

Hyderabad(Musi river)
.Brief review of floods with the help of secondary sources of data
METHODOLOGY:
Floods in India
Floods cause damage to houses, industries, public utilities and property resulting in huge economic
losses, apart from loss of lives.
Though it is not possible to control the flood disaster totally, by adopting suitable structural and non-
structural measures the flood damages can be minimised.
Parameters
Area liable to Floods
(million Ha.)
Total Damage Rs.13,400 million
Area Affected 8.11 million hectare
Crop Area Affected 3.57 million hectare
Human Lives Lost 1579 Nos.
Cattle Lost 95,000 Nos.
NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Approaches & measure for long , short term protection from floods in
India
Attempts to modify the floods: involves flood protection by physical measures such as
Construction of embankments
Construction of detention reservoirs
Channel improvements etc.
Attempts to modify the susceptibility to flood damage: involves action designed to reduce the
vulnerability of property and other developmental activities in the flood plains to the flood hazard
Attempts to modify the loss burden: Consists of actions to modify the incidence of losses, by
spreading them over a large segment of community.
Bearing the loss: Bearing the loss means living with floods
FLOOD FORECASTING AND WARNING
PRESENT SYSTEM - SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
WEATHER FORECASTS
RIVER STAGE &
DISCHARGE AT
BASE STATION
RIVER STAGE &
DISCHARGE AT
FORECASTING STATIONS RAINFALL
F.M. O. OF I.M.D
FORMULATION OF
FORECAST
C.E., S.E.
STATE GOVT.
CONTROL ROOM
PRESS
RADIO
P & T
POLICE FLOOD
COMMITTEE
CIVIL AUTHORITIES
ENGG. AUTHORITIES
DEFENCE
RAILWAYS
INDUSTRIES
F.M.O OF I.M.D
REGIONAL OFFICES
OF I.M.D.
REGIONAL OFFICES
OF I.M.D.
DOORDARSHAN
CWC HQ
MINISTRY OF WR
FLOOD FORECASTING
CENTRES & CONTROL
ROOMS


9/21/2014 9 Floods- Disaster Managment
CASE STUDY ON VIJAYAWADA
FLOODS
Satellite map showing river Krishna in Vijayawada

LOCATION MAP
Map of India showing AP
Location

The city is situated at the foot of a low range hills on the northern bank of the river Krishna with its
cardinal points as 16 31 North latitude and 80 37 East longitude, around 70 km away from the
coast.
Topographic Details
The land lay of Vijayawada is characterized by four canals, four hills and the holy river Krishna.
Vijayawada when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic gates across the holy river
Krishna. The way to Machilipatnam runs parallel to Budamerru canal and crosses two other Canals
There are four major hills:
a) Indrakiladri hill
b) Machavaram
c) Gunadaa Hill
d) Moghalrajapuram hill
e) Gollapalem Gattu Hill
The River Krishna takes of its origin in the western Ghats at an
elevation of (+) 1336 Mts and runs for a length of about 1400 Km
and runs through Vijayawada city and joins at Bay of Bengal The
length of Krishna River up to Prakasam Barrage is about 1310
km and the length from Prakasam Barrage to Puligadda
Aqueduct is 64.00 kms.
The flow of the river is managed partially by the Nagarjuna Sagar
dam which is located to the west of Krishna District and
Prakasam Barrage which is located at the beginning of the city.
Krishna River
Reasons for Krishna Flood
This region receives maximum rainfall both by southwest and retreating monsoons.
The primary reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had
taken place due to lack of planning and enforcement.
Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta-irrigated lands
Flood bank below barrage is about 6.40 Km which creates havoc in flood season from June to
December.
High Water release at time from barrage with 4,12,734 to 10,94422 Cusecs of water released
in various years.
Developmental activities like sluice connectivity to into the river is causing back water(3 sluices
connected into river)
Bund cutting for public private developmental activities (ex: sluice, storm water drains)
approach roads for bigger vehicles.
Allotting the residential areas officially in flood zone. Ex: Police colony.
trespassing the river bunds by people
damage to the river bunds by rodents
Breach occurrence and damages occurred to the flood bank with slips and erosion.
Negligence and helpless condition making people to stay at the houses even after passing the
warnings

MITIGATION
Mitigation measures are very important phase of disaster management. They will help to
reduce the loss and increase the capacity of people in managing the disasters.
The potential forecast outlook can be translated into early warning messages and initiate
preventive/preparedness actions.
As per the building byelaws 1981, no permission to construct a building on site shell be
granted , if the site is with in 9 meters of the highest water mark of a tank
Further the authority may require the floor of the lowest styorey of such building to be raised
above the normal minimum flood level of the adjoining to ground or to such other level as the
authority may prescribe Shift or restrict the people living in flood banks to safe place by
providing all aminities
Krishna Bund strengthening at Krishna lanka, ranadheevinagar, Bhupesh Gupta nagar
Krishna bund construction from police colony to yanamala kuduru
Raising the free board of Krishna flood bunds from 1.5 metre to 2 meters.
Shift the habitants of the flood zone of Budameru temporary or permanent to safe shelters
after announcing the warning
Stop plowing / occupying the budameru bund from singh nagar to NSC Bose
nagar


Before the Disaster During the Disaster After the Disaster
Learn warning signs and community alert system During a flood watch Don't return home until authorities express itis safe
to do so
Stockpile emergency building materials
Install check valves in sewer traps to
prevent flood waters from backing up in sewer
drains
Plan and practice an evacuation route
Have disaster supplies on hand
Develop an emergency communication plan
in case of separation
Ask an out-of-state relative to serve as the
"family contact"
Teach family members how and when to
turn off the gas, electricity, and water and
teach children how and when to call 9-1-1
Ask your insurance agent about flood insurance
If indoors:
Turn on battery operated radio to get
latest emergency information
Get pre-assembled emergency
supplies
If told to leave, do so immediately.
If outdoors:
Climb to high ground and stay there
Avoid walking through any
floodwaters.
If in a car, turn around and go another
way; if your car stalls, abandon it
immediately and climb to higher
ground.
During an evacuation:
If advised to evacuate, do so
immediately to avoid flooded roads,
being sure to follow recommended
evacuation routes and listen to radio for
evacuation instructions
Help neighbors whom may need assistance
Use extreme caution when entering buildings
Inspect foundations for cracks or other
damage and examine walls, floors, doors, and
windows to make sure that the building is not
in danger of collapsing
Watch out for animals, especially poisonous
snakes, that may have come into your home
with flood waters
Watch for loose plaster and ceilings that
could fall
Take pictures of damage for insurance claims
Look for fire hazards
Throw away all food (including canned) that
has come in contact with flood waters
Pump out flooded basements gradually (~
1/3 amount of water per day) to avoid
structural damage
Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools,
pits, and leaching systems ASAP damaged sewage
systems are health hazards.
PREPAREDNESS
State of being ready to react promptly and effectively in an event of emergency (systematic way
approach). Being prepared for severity vulnerability of the disaster .
Preparedness plan ( a holistic integrated approach)
Specific Region , Area, Purpose
Deploying Officers Incharge To Take Care With Emergencies
Strategy Development For Activities Likely To Be Undertaken At A Local Situation( Resource Analysis
To Force)
Identify Government Bodies Which Can Respond
Establishment Of Emergency Operating Centres

Functions
Dealing with incoming emergency calls and prioritizing them taking the necessary information from the
caller
Recording details of incidents on computer systems
Providing necessary advice and guidance
Dispatching an emergency services team to deal with the incident.
Maintaining contact with the team at the scene of the incident to keep up to date with the situation and
ensure staff safety.

Emergency Operating centre(EOC) /Control room :

An emergency operations center, or EOC, is a central command and control facility responsible for
carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster
management functions at a strategic level in an emergency situation, and ensuring the continuity of
operation of a company, political subdivision or other organization.

Warning Stages


Flood Krishna
1st-Warning - When flood level reaches
12ft. at Prakasam
2nd Warning - When flood level reaches
15 ft. at Prakasam
3rd Warning - When flood level reaches
17 ft. at Prakasam
RESPONSE Occurs immediately / during following disaster
Designed to provide emergency assistance to the victims of the event and reduce the likelihood of
occurrence of secondary damage
5 STAGE PROCESS
Notification
Immediate public safety
Property security
Public welfare
Restoration

RESPONSE Occurs immediately / during following disaster
Designed to provide emergency assistance to the victims of the event and reduce the likelihood of
occurrence of secondary damage
5 STAGE PROCESS :
1. Notification
2. Immediate public safety
3. Property security
4. Public welfare
5. Restoration

RECOVERY
Final phase of disaster management cycle
It is the longest phase out of all until system return to normalcy / nearly to normalcy
2 TYPES
long term
Complete redevelopment of damage
short term
Restoration of vital services like watersupply, social infrastructure to minimum standards of operation and
safety
Mike announcement of flood discharge and awareness of people to evacuate the people to be submerged
houses.


While we can never contract with the future or accurately predict all of the consequences of
our actions and policies, policymakers must extend their thinking about their impacts and the
impacts of private entities beyond the local, the near term, the likely, and the recently
newsworthy.
Strong implementation of byelaws for human causes for flooding should be done.
Settlements along the riverside should be removed by the government bodies to reduce the
laws of life and also to reduce human causes
Periodic tracking of flood system and awareness should be created to prevent and to
manage the river flooding


INFERENCE