Effects Voltage Sags Causes Mitigation Technologies

May 2002
WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 1

The effects of voltage sags

by
Terry Chandler
Power Quality Inc/Power Quality Thailand LTD
For IEEE Hong Kong Section
May 31, 2002
May 2002
Sags or Dips?
A decrease in the nominal voltage for a
short duration.

May 2002
Standards regarding Sags
IEC 1000-4-1/11 Measurement of sags
IEEE 1159 Monitoring of Sags
IEEE P1346
ANSI C84.1
IEEE 1100
May 2002
IEEE SCC 22
Short duration variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.2 Sag(Dip) 0.5 to 30 cycles 0.1 to 0.9 pu
sags (dips) have a magnitude and
duration
SCC is the standard coordination committee
of IEEE
May 2002
Accepted description
Sag is a IEEE term DIP is IEC term
Sag refers to % of decrease in Voltage
IE a 20% sag is a voltage decrease to 0.8 PU
DIP refers to % of voltage remaining
IE a dip to 80% is a decrease to 0.8 PU
Is the glass half full or half empty?
May 2002
Classifying Sags (Dips)
CBEMA
100%
1 day
May 2002
Classifying sags (dips) II
ITIC (New CBEMA)
unacceptable
acceptable
May 2002
Cause of Voltage sags
Faults on the distribution system
User distribution system failure
User loads
Equipment malfunction

May 2002
Faults on the distribution
system
May 2002
User equipment that can
cause sags
Copiers and laser printers
Arc welders
Motor starting
Power saws
May 2002
Welder causes voltage sag
May 2002
Voltage sag from the utility
May 2002
Semi 47 Voltage sag standard
A new standard developed by the SEMI
organization members to define the
desired minimum equipment sensitivity
to voltage sags
Similar to ITIC curve in the voltage sag
domain
May 2002
ITIC Semi 47
May 2002
ITIC Semi
47
50 ms 0.2 0.5 second
20 ms
| 0.5 sec
| 10 sec
May 2002
Load sensitivity to voltage
sags
Motors
Contactors that
Small 50% sag shuts down 600 hp load
May 2002
Sag indications without a PQ
meter
Lights blink
Motors slow down and return to normal
speed
Computers reboot unexpectedly
Automated equipment stops
unexpectedly

May 2002
Root cause of sensitivity
Automated
Equipment
Equipment
disconnect
Ac relay
Electrical contactor on the input power
May 2002
Process sensor
Automated Equipment
Equipment
disconnect
DC relay
process
sensor
With voltage sags sends shut down signal
May 2002
Emergency shutdown circuit
With voltage sag sends shutdown signal
Automated
Equipment
Equipment
disconnect
Ac relay
May 2002
DC buss sag
DC relay
AC to DC
convertor
DC to AC
invertor
AC motor
DC buss
monitor
Electronic
control
May 2002
Voltage imbalance sensor
voltage
unbalance
relay
AC to DC
convertor
DC to AC
invertor
AC motor
Electronic
control
DC relay
May 2002
Improving voltage sag
immunity
Relay settings
DC relays
Switchmode power supply configuration
oversize power supply or capacitor
Dynamic sag corrector
Connect loads phase to phase
May 2002
Voltage sense relays
Upper and lower trip points
May 2002
Ride thru device
May 2002
Sag mitigation technologies
UPS
Standby
line interactive
On-Line
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
Voltage Regulator
Static transfer switch
May 2002
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Battery
On-line
Standby
Flywheel
Super conductor
Super Capacitor
Fuel Cell
May 2002
On-line UPS
Battery
system
input
harmonic
filter
Load
Inverter
Bypass
Rectifier
Charger
System
bypass
May 2002
Rotary UPS
May 2002
Example of rotary
May 2002
DVR

Bypass
DVR Electronics
SS Shorting Switch Inverters,
Filters, Controls
Cap Energy Storage
Isolation Isolation
To Source To Plant
May 2002
Flywheel ups
May 2002
Example of flywheel UPS
Photo compliments of Beacon.com
May 2002
Standby UPS
Battery or Flywheel
More efficient than on -line
Output meets ITIC or Semi-47 standard
May 2002
Standby UPS
Main System Container
Isolation
Transformer
Static Switch
Critical
Load
Utility
Input
up to (8) Power Modules
CB2
Output
CB1
Input
CB3
Bypass
Battery
String
Battery
Charger
Inverter
Bridge
System
Control
May 2002
Example of Standby UPS
May 2002
3 phase sag
May 2002

UPS output during sag
May 2002

Conclusions
Graph compliments of WWW.powerstandards.com
Voltage sags are the #1 Power Quality
problem
The source can be from the utility or
from internal loads, wiring, problems etc
Solutions can be very inexpensive or very
expensive
May 2002
The bottom line
Voltage sags are an economic or $$ problem
It requires detailed PQ data to determine if
the solution costs $100 or $10,000,000.

Effects Voltage Sags Causes Mitigation Technologies

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Effects Voltage Sags Causes Mitigation Technologies

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May 2002

WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 1

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