Pulp and Paper

Processing
Pulp and Paper Processing


The paper and pulp industry is typically
located in areas with abundant raw
materials. These facilities are spread out
over many acres and closely resemble the
scope of large chemical plants.

Pulp and Paper Processing
This industry is composed of two sections:
mills and converting operations.
Pulp and paper mills produce chemical,
mechanical, and thermomechanical pulps
to form paper. Pulp is made by chemically
or mechanically separating wood fibers
from non-fibrous material. The typical
process uses NaOH and Na2S to dissolve
nonfibrous material.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
Wood Preparation
Pulpwood is brought into the paper mill
from local forest. Raw wood is sent to a
device called a barker where bark is
removed.

Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
After debarking, the logs are broken itno
smaller chunks or pieces in the chipper.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
Cooking
A screen ensures that uniform wood chips
fed into the digester where chemicals are
added, recovered, and added again.
Here, the chips are mixed
with a solution called white
liquor and disintegrated into
fibres by blowing-sudden
decrease of pressure.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing

Pulp Washing
Because of high amounts of chemicals used
in cooking wood, recovery of chemicals is
of crucial importance. The process where
the chemicals is separated from the wood
pulp is called pulp washing.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
Pulp Screening
Apart from fibres, the cooked pulp also
contains partially uncooked fibre bundles
and knots. Modern cooking processes
have good control over the delignification
and produce less "rejects". Knots and
shives are removed by passing the pulp
over pulp screens equipped with fine holes
or slots.
Bleaching
Bleaching involves removing virtually all of
the lignin that still remains after cooking,
as the lignin contains the chromophoric
groups which make the pulp dark.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
Paper Making
The mechanical treatment of the fibre
normally takes place by passing it
between moving steel bars which are
attached to revolving metal discs - the so-
called refiners. This treatment has two
effects: it shortens the fibre and it
fibrillates the fibre.
Jordan Refiner
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing

After refining, the pulp is sent to a cleaner.
The cleaner has two separate flow: a wet
side and a dry side.
On the wet side, the water is removed from
the treated pulp. A device called,
Fourdrinier machine prepares the pulp
before it enters the presses.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
On the dry side of the cleaners, the pulp
goes to a cylinder machine before going
to presses and dryers.
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing
Paper and Pulp Manufacturing