Arrays in C++ (Chapter 12)

one thing after another

Problem
Given 5 numbers, read them in and
calculate their average
THEN print out the ones that were
above average
Data Structure Needed
Need some way to hold onto all the
individual data items after processing
them
making individual identifiers x1, x2,
x3,... is not practical or flexible
the answer is to use an ARRAY
a data structure - bigger than an
individual variable or constant
an Array
you need a way to have many variables
all with the same name but
distinguishable!
in math they do it by subscripts or
indexes
x
1
, x
2
, x
3
and so on
in programming languages, hard to use
smaller fonts, so use a different syntax
x [1], x[0], table[3], point[i]
Semantics
numbered from 0 to n-1 where n is the
number of elements
all elements of an array have the same
type
0 1 2 3 4 5
Properties of an array
Homogeneous
Contiguous
Have random access to any element
Ordered (numbered from 0 to n-1)
Number of elements does not change -
MUST be a constant when declared
Syntax
Declaration "type name[howmany];"
refer to individual elements
uses [ ] with index in the brackets
most of the time cannot refer to the
whole array as one thing, or just by the
array name (only time you can is when
passing a whole array to a function as
an argument)


8
Declaration of an Array
The index is also called the subscript
In C++, the first array element always has
subscript 0, the second array element has
subscript 1, etc.
The base address of an array is its beginning
address in memory

Using a named constant
it is very common to use a named
constant to set the size of an array
const int SIZE = 15;
int arr[SIZE];
useful because it can be used to control
loops throughout program
easy to change if size of array needs to
be changed
Solution to problem
int ct = 0, n[5], total = 0;
float average;
while (ct < 5)
{
cout << "enter a number "; cin >> n[ct];
total = total + n[ct];
ct = ct + 1;
}
cont'd on next slide
Solution to problem - cont'd
average = total / 5;
ct = 0;
while (ct < 5)
{
if (n[ct] > average)
cout << n[ct];
ct = ct + 1;
}
the for loop
since you need a loop with a counter often
with an array, use a specialized one
syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment) body
as usual, body can be one statement or a
block of statements
initialization usually sets a counter to zero
condition tests counter for upper limit
increment adds a value to counter
Semantics of a for loop
initialization happens ONCE, at start of
loop execution
the condition is tested next
if the condition is true,
body is executed
increment is executed
then condition is tested again
if the condition is false,
continue with statements AFTER body
Scope of counter in a for loop
if declare counter outside of the loop, it
has usual scope (body of the function)
can declare counter in header of loop
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
then the scope is JUST the body of the
loop - not outside the loop
some old code assumed that was not
true - when standard changed to state
that, broke a lot of code!
for and while loops are
equivalent
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{ body }
VERSUS
i = 0;
while (i < 5)
{ body
i++;
}
Initialization of arrays
int a[] = {1, 2, 9, 10}; // has 4
elements
int a[5] = {2, 5, 4, 1, -2, 5}; // error!
int a[5] = {2, 3}; // rest are zero
int a[5] = {0}; // all are zero
don't use this "zero initialization" with
strings! objects don't take well to being
set to a zero
can use it with char, float, even bool
Watch out index out of range!
subscripts range from 0 to n-1
the compiler will NOT tell you if an
index goes out of that range - it cannot
detect
can make very bad bugs
from just garbage values in your data to
crashing your computer to
damaging your hard drive!
18
Assigning Values to
Individual Array Elements
float temps[5]; int m = 4; // Allocates memory
temps[2] = 98.6;
temps[3] = 101.2;
temps[0] = 99.4;
temps[m] = temps[3] / 2.0;
temps[1] = temps[3] - 1.2;
// What value is assigned?

temps[0] temps[1] temps[2] temps[3] temps[4]
7000 7004 7008 7012 7016
99.4 ? 98.6 101.2 50.6
19
What values are assigned?
float temps[5]; // Allocates memory
int m;

for (m = 0; m < 5; m++)
{
temps[m] = 100.0 + m * 0.2 ;
}
temps[0] temps[1] temps[2] temps[3] temps[4]
7000 7004 7008 7012 7016
? ? ? ? ?
20
Now what values are printed?
float temps[5]; // Allocates memory
int m;
. . . . .
for (m = 4; m >= 0; m--)
{
cout << temps[m] << endl;
}

temps[0] temps[1] temps[2] temps[3] temps[4]
7000 7004 7008 7012 7016
100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.8
Indexes
subscripts can be constants or variables
or expressions
if i is 5, a[i-1] refers to a[4] and a[i*2]
refers to a[10]
you can use i as a subscript at one
point in the program and j as a
subscript for the same array later - only
the value of the variable matters
22
Variable Subscripts
float temps[5]; // Allocates memory
int m = 3;
. . . . . .
What is temps[m + 1] ?

What is temps[m] + 1 ?
temps[0] temps[1] temps[2] temps[3] temps[4]
7000 7004 7008 7012 7016
100.0 100.2 100.4 100.6 100.8
Random access of elements
problem : read in numbers from a file,
only single digits - and count them -
report how many of each there were
use an array as a set of counters
ctr [0] is how many zero's, ctr[1] is how
many ones, etc.
ctr[num] ++; is the crucial
statement

Parallel arrays
Sometimes you have data of different
types that are associated with each
other
like name (string) and GPA (float) or
name (string) and letter grade (char)
cannot store them in the same array
so use two different arrays "side by
side"
Parallel arrays, cont'd
for (i = 0; i < 5; i ++)
cin >> name[i] >> gpa[i];
logically the name in position i
corresponds to the gpa in position i
nothing in the syntax forces this to be
true, you just have to program it to be
so

26
Parallel Arrays

Parallel arrays are two or more arrays that have the
same index range and whose elements contain
related information, possibly of different data
types

EXAMPLE
const int SIZE 50;
int idNumber[SIZE];
float hourlyWage[SIZE]; parallel arrays
27
const int SIZE 50;
int idNumber[SIZE]; // Parallel arrays hold
float hourlyWage[SIZE]; // Related information



idNumber[0] 4562 hourlyWage[0] 9.68


idNumber[1] 1235 hourlyWage[1] 45.75


idNumber[2] 6278 hourlyWage[2] 12.71

. . . .
. . . .
. . . .

idNumber[48] 8754 hourlyWage[48] 67.96


idNumber[49] 2460 hourlyWage[49] 8.97
Selection sort - 1-d array
Algorithm for the sort
1. find the maximum in the list
2. put it in the highest numbered
element by swapping it with the data
that was at that location
3. repeat 1 and 2 for shorter unsorted list
- not including highest numbered
location
4. repeat 1-3 until list goes down to one
Find the maximum in the list
// n is number of elements
max = a[0]; // value of largest element
// seen so far
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) // note start at 1,
not 0
if (max < a[i])
max = a[i];
// now max is value of largest element in
list
Find the location of the max
max = 0; // max is now location of the
max
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
if (a[max] < a[i])
max = i;

Swap with highest numbered
element at right end of list is numbered
n-1

temp = a[max];
a[max] = a[n-1];
a[n-1] = temp;
Find next largest element and
swap
max = 0;
for (i = 1; i < n-1; i++) // note n-1, not
n
if (a[max] < a[i])
max = i;
temp = a[max];
a[max] = a[n-2];
a[n-2] = temp;
put a loop around the general
code to repeat for n-1 passes
for (pass = n-1; pass >= 0; pass --)
{ max = 0;
for (i = 1; i < pass; i++)
if (a[max] < a[i])
max = i;
temp = a[max];
a[max] = a[pass];
a[pass] = temp;
}

2-dimensional arrays
data sometimes has more structure to it
than just "a list"
has rows and columns
uses two subscripts to locate an item
syntax
int a[5][4]; // row then column
twenty elements, numbered from [0][0] to
[4][3]
35
Two-Dimensional Array
A two-dimensional array is a collection of
components, all of the same type, structured
in two dimensions, (referred to as rows and
columns)
Individual components are accessed by a pair
of indexes representing the components
position in each dimension
DataType ArrayName[ConstIntExpr][ConstIntExpr]...;
36
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10][11]
66 64 72 78 85 90 99 105 98 90 88 80
row 2,
col 7
might be
Arizonas
high for
August
EXAMPLE -- Array for monthly high temperatures
for all 50 states

const int NUM_STATES = 50;
const int NUM_MONTHS = 12;
int stateHighs[NUM_STATES][NUM_MONTHS];


[0]
[1]
[2]
.
. stateHighs[2][7]
.
[48]
[49]

Processing a 2-d array by
rows
finding the total for the first row
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
total = total + a[0][i];
finding the total for the second row
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
total = total + a[1][i];

Processing a 2-d array by
rows
total for ALL elements by adding first
row, then second row, etc.

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
total = total + a[i][j];

Processing a 2-d array by
columns
total for ALL elements by adding first
column, second column, etc.

for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
total = total + a[i][j];

40
Finding the average high temperature for Arizona
// assumes Arizonas data is in row 2
int total = 0;
int month;
int average;
for (month = 0; month < NUM_MONTHS; month ++)
total = total + stateHighs[2][month];
average = int (total / 12.0 + 0.5);


average
85



Passing an array as an
argument
by default arrays are passed by
reference, do not need an &
int fun1 (int arr[]);
prototype and header
nothing between the [] !
call the function as
x = fun1 (myarr); // no [] at all!
Arrays versus Files
Arrays are usually smaller than files
Arrays are faster than files
Arrays are temporary, in RAM - files are
permanent on secondary storage
Arrays can do random or sequential,
files we have seen are only sequential
Passing a 2-d array as a
argument
a little bit different from 1-d arrays
int fun1 (int arr [][SIZE]);
only first subscript is left blank
second (and more if higher dimensions)
subscripts have to have values
called as x = fun1 (myarr);
where myarr is declared as
int myarr[5][SIZE];
44
Declaring Multidimensional Arrays
Example of three-dimensional array

const NUM_DEPTS = 5;
// mens, womens, childrens, electronics, furniture
const NUM_MONTHS = 12;
const NUM_STORES = 3; // White Marsh, Owings Mills, Towson

int monthlySales[NUM_DEPTS][NUM_MONTHS][NUM_STORES];

rows columns sheets

45
const NUM_DEPTS = 5;
// mens, womens, childrens, electronics, furniture
const NUM_MONTHS = 12;
const NUM_STORES = 3; // White Marsh, Owings Mills, Towson
int monthlySales[NUM_DEPTS][NUM_MONTHS][NUM_STORES];

monthlySales[3][7][0]
sales for electronics in August at White Marsh
12 MONTHS columns
5

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