Presented By:

Niraj kumar
14-24-208
CSPE
Dept. of ECE

Outline
Introduction
Types of CPM
Generation of PAM,PWM,PPM
Detection of PAM,PWM,PPM
Application
Conclusion

Introduction
In Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM) a pulse
signal is used to sample an analog signal. The
result is a train of constant-width pulses. The
amplitude of each pulse is proportional to the
amplitude of the message signal at the time of
sampling.

Generation of PAM :


PAM
To generate the PAM output signal, we may
choose to represent the input to the transmit
filter h
T
(t) as a train of weighted impulse
functions

=
=
k
k s
kT t a t x ) ( ) ( o
Consequently, the filter output x(t) is a train of pulses,
each with the required shape h
T
(t)

=
=
k
T k
kT t h a t x ) ( ) (
Filtering of impulse train in transmit filter
Transmit
Filter

=
=
k
T k
kT t h a t x ) ( ) (

=
=
k
k s
kT t a t x ) ( ) ( o
) (t h
T
) (t x
s
) (t x
Hence the signal at the receiver filter output is
) ( ) ( ) ( t v kT t h a t y
k
k
+ =

=
Where h(t) is the inverse Fourier transform of H(e)
and v(t) is the noise signal at the receive filter
output
Data detection is now performed by the Data
Slicer
Filter
PAM
Equalizer
M-Signal

PAM Detection
Sampling y(t), usually at the optimum instant t=nT+t
d
when the pulse magnitude is the greatest yields
n
k
d k d n
v t T k n h a t nT y y + + = + =

=
) ) (( ) (
Where v
n
=v(nT+t
d
) is the sampled noise and t
d
is the
time delay required for optimum sampling
y
n
is then compared with threshold(s) to
determine the recovered data symbols
Nyquist Pulse Shaping
1/T 1/T 0
T
2/T 2/T
f
0
H(f)
T
f
Why?
Sample h(t) with a train of o pulses at times kT

=
=
k
s
kT t t h t h ) ( ) ( ) ( o
Consequently the spectrum of h
s
(t) is

=
k
s
T k H
T
H ) 2 (
1
) ( t e e
Remember for zero ISI

=
=
=
0 for 0
0 for 1
) (
n
n
nT h
Consequently h
s
(t)=o(t)
The spectrum of o(t)=1, therefore
1 ) 2 (
1
) ( = =

k
s
T k H
T
H t e e
Substituting f=e/2t gives the Nyquist pulse
shaping criterion

=
k
T T k f H ) (
Nyquist Pulse Shaping
No pulse bandwidth less than 1/2T can satisfy the
criterion, e.g.,
1/T 1/T 0
T
2/T 2/T
f
Clearly, the repeated spectra do not sum to a constant value
Nyquist Pulse Shaping
The minimum bandwidth pulse spectrum H(f), ie,
a rectangular spectral shape, has a sinc pulse
response in the time domain,

< <
=
elsewhere 0
2 1 2T 1 - for
) (
T f T
f H
The sinc pulse shape is very sensitive to
errors in the sample timing, owing to its low
rate of sidelobe decay
RC Pulse Shaping
Normalised Spectrum H(f)/T Pulse Shape h(t)
x = 0
x = 0.5
x = 1
f *T t/T
Application
Use in Ethernet
Use in photo biology
Use in electronic drivers for LED lighting


Thank you
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
GENERATION
USING A COMPARATOR OF TWO
INPUTS,SAWTOOTH WAVWFORM AND MESSAGE
SIGNAL RESPECTIVELY.
AS THE NAME SUGGESTS,WIDTH OF CARRIER
PULSES VARY WITH THE AMPLITUDE OF INPUT
MESSAGE SIGNAL.
IS DONE BY CONVERTING IT FIRST INTO
PAM,THEN USING COMBINATION OF LOW PASS
FILTER AND EQUALIZER.