APWH Review

Power Point
AFRICA:
North, East,
Central, West,
Southern
Africa
8000-1000 B.C.E.
By Safa Syed and Denise Yoon
Politics (Egypt)
Menes (Narmer)
unifies Egypt
Kings called pharaohs ruled; kept maat
Khufu builds the first pyramid
Regional governors before Narmer;
Politics (Egypt)
Split up into three time periods
Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms
30 dynasties
1. Old Kingdom
e.g. Narmer
2. Middle Kingdom
e.g. Mentuhotep II
3. New Kingdom
e.g. Hatshepsut,
Akhenaten,
Ramesses the Great
Politics (Nubia/Kush)
Local chiefs first, then kings ca. 1750
B.C.E.
ca. 1532-1070 B.C.E., Egyptian official
took control of Nubia
(Overseer of Southern Lands)
e.g. Setau, Seti, etc.
Economics (Egypt)
Slavery existed, but was not significant
Professions:
Peasants (majority)
Merchants
Farmers
Priests
Bureaucrats
Economics (Egypt)
Resource rich region
Papyrus, building stone, copper, turquoise,
wheat, barley
Economics (Nubia/Kush)
Egypt invaded Nubia
Gold (primarily), copper, semi-precious stones
incense, ebony, ivory
Excellent craftsmenmetallurgy, pottery,
weaponry, jewelry

Economics (Nubia/Kush)
Like in Egypt, labor used for
PYRAMIDS!
Social/Cultural (Egypt)
Patriarchal society
Women
Elite women kept indoors
Could own property
Marriage monogamous
Women could divorce and keep
dowry
Social/Cultural (Egypt)
Polytheistic religion
Worshipped the main sun-god,
Ra
Believed in afterlife (led to
mummification)
Had regional deities
Believed pharaoh was a god
First monotheistic religion
Akenaten made first monotheistic
religion
Prayed to God, Amon

1. Pharaohs and high ranking officials
2. Lower-level officials, locals, priests artisans, &
well-off farmers
3. Peasants
4. Slaves (very few of these)

Social/Cultural (Egypt)
THE CLASS SYSTEM
Social/Cultural (Egypt)
Arts/Sciences
Mummification-preserving bodies after death
Chemistry and anatomy taught by
mummification

Matrilineal
Influenced by Egyptian culture

Social/Cultural (Nubia/Kush)
Nubian pyramid
Mummification
Pyramids-used as tombs
for wealthy
Papyrus-writing material
made of reeds
Hieroglyphics-pictorial
writing system
Nile carried lightweight
ships
Technology (Egypt)
Decipher THIS!
Irrigation was major in agricultural
development
Irrigation was used with Nile flooding
Technology (Egypt)
Technology (Nubia/Kush)
Irrigation important to their environment
Skilled in metalworking and pottery
Events (Egypt)
Middle Kingdom aggressive to Nubia (2040-
1640 BCE)
Egypt took over Nubia
Nubians were primarily archers

Egyptians
Nubians
Events (Egypt)
Egypt subjected to many droughts
Famine resulting from droughts
Cycle of floods affected political success

Events (Egypt/Nubia)
Egypt discovered Nubias goldthen
invaded
Egyptian presence in Nubia influenced
culture

Geography
Geography
Major cities
Memphis, Egypt
Thebes, Egypt
Meroe, Nubia
Kerma, Kush
Geography
Land features
Sahara Desert to the west
Black Land low-lying, life-sustaining
Red Land elevated, desert land
Geography
Important bodies of water
Nile River (overflowing benefited Egyptians)
Mediterranean Sea (sea trade with Crete)
Lake Victoria (largest lake in Africa)
Congo River
Lake Faiyum
Geography
Natural resources
Egypt: copper, turquoise, grains,
Nubia: gold, incense, ebony, ivory, slaves, exotic
animals

Geography
Trade routes
Connected with Mesopotamia; trade not extensive
Geography
Trade routes
Mediterranean Sea used for overseas trade
Africa
1000BCE-600CE
Scott Berson and Justin Bryant
Politics
Carthage
Judges- administrative/judicial duties.
30 senators made crucial decisions.
Exclusive citizenship, exempt from tax.
In disagreement, citizens elected leaders.


Politics
Sub-Saharan Africa

Kings displayed
wealth and power.
Economics
Carthage

Maritime trade system established.
Dominant merchant class.
Rich in raw materials and minerals.
Textiles and crafts, woodworking, metalworking.





Economics
Sub-Saharan Africa

Ironworking popular by 500 BCE.
Salt trade in South Sahel
Trade with Romans in North Africa
Camel herding across Sahara

Social/Cultural
Carthage
Storm gods, fertility figures.
Tophets for child sacrifice.
No mandatory military service.
Social/Cultural
Sub-Saharan Africa
Great traditions, small traditions, Africanity
Bantu migrations affect native customs
Christianity in Nubia
Cultural unity, age groupings, kinship divisions.
Gender roles, class distinctions (including slaves)

Events
Rise of Third Major Nubian Kingdom (c. 1000-800BCE)
Foreign conquests of Egypt (Libyans, Nubians) (c. 747BCE)
Bantu migrations (500BCE-600CE)
Romans defeat Carthage (202BCE)
Rise of Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. (c.300BCE-
1000CE)

Technology
Camel Saddles for easier travel/trade
Metallurgy and Iron Smelting (Iron Tools)
Canoes, nets, lines, hooks for fishing
Refining of textile process for cloth

Geography
Carthaginian Trade Bantu Migrations
Geography
Cairo, Carthage, Nubian Kingdom
important
Trade on Mediterranean and Red Seas
Trade in oils, salt, nuts, animals
North traded with Greeks/Romans/Others
Sub-Sahara traded with Sahel/each other
Africa (600-1450)
Wilson Ma
Alan Thomas
Political Leaders
Mansa Musa- Great Mali Leader (Ghana)
Pilgrimage to Mecca, inflation of gold
Sunni Ali- Established Songhai Empire
Included Timbuktu
Sundiata- Malis first great ruler


Types of Government
Clan Based Systems
Tribal Chiefdoms
Religious Leaders- Mansa Musa
Leaders/Kings
Sunni Ali


Labor systems
Slavery- major economic export. Poor
conditions.
Plantation labor-
Trade boom with slavery.


Jobs people had
Hunters
Farmers
Merchants
Slave drivers
Metal workers

Jobs People Had
Sailors/ Traders
Fishermen
Carpenters


Trade/ goods
Iron, Copper = export.
Diamond/Gold production. (Ghana ,Great
Zimbabwe)
Traded mostly overland- Salt Road
Indian Ocean Trade.
Trans-Saharan trade network.
Trade/goods Contd..
Caravan routes of Sahara desert
Arab Traders/Arab Slave trade.
Traded with Salt, ivory, animal skins.
Traded with India, Europe, Middle east.
Atlantic Slave trade.

Mercantilism
East-African states ruled by sheiks
Cities: Mombasa, Sofala and Zanzibar.
Great Zimbabwe and Ghana also
mercantile.
Mogadishu, Lamu, Malindi, Kilwa,
Mozambique
Family Structure
Extended Families
Clans
Women took care of children

Gender Roles
Women had rights
Men could have many wives
Women did work
Farm Work, Made Beer, Crafts,
Marketing: sold agricultural products
Religion
Clan based religions
Spread of Islam and Christianity
Religious Rulers (Mansa Musa)
Mali- Not as strict
Women didnt cover faces/bodies
Philosophies/thinking/education
Arabic Literacy, Bantu Languages, Swahili
Memorized Quran
Timbuktu- Quranic Schools
Books- High demand, profitable


Social Classes
Elite, Poor, Slaves
Growth in slavery helped elites
Eunuchs- Male castrated slaves
Kinship and sex determined class
Arts and Sciences
Architecture relating to Mosques
Church of Saint George in Ethiopia
Benin- bronze scultping
Major Innovations
Advanced Architecture.
Metal Working
Agricultural Innovation
Banana Cultivation.
Intensive Agriculture.
Cotton Production
Iron tools axes and hoes.


Diseases
Bubonic Plague in North Africa
Tropical Diseases

Invasions/rebellions/revolutions
Muslim Berbers invaded Ghana
Muslim attacks on Nubia
Sundiata defeated King Sumanguru
Rebellions among people under Malinke
rule

Natural Disasters
Yearly flooding of the Nile river
Discoveries/ imperialism
Discovered the salt road for trade
Discovered use of Iron

Bantu Migration
Bantu Migration
Established Agricultural Societies
Migrated from West Africa
Spread Knowledge: Iron, Agriculture

Map of Africa
Geography Major Cities
Mombasa. Sofala and Zanzibar.-trade
Great Zimbabwe-gold
Mogadishu, Lamu,
Malindi,
Kilwa, Mozambique.

Major Cities
Timbuktu education
Barawa, Gedi, Pate, Kilwa, -Swahili
States



Land Features
West Coastal Africa/ Inner Africa-major
rainfall.
Monsoons
Nile River
Sahara Desert
Niger valley.Arid Regions in East and
South Africa

Natural Resources
Iron
Copper
Gold
Diamond
Oil ,tropical Fruits
Trade and Migration
Sub-Saharan Trade
Salt Road- Muslim Merchants.
Bantu Migrations
Indian Ocean Trade
Slave trade.



Migration route
Sydney Cheun & Rachel Baek
Africa
1450-1750
Politics & Government
Central government with army defense
Monarchs & governing councils
Kingdoms under Portuguese and Dutch
Angolan Coast under Portuguese
Cape Colony under Dutch
Economics - Slavery
Prisoners of war
Women as house servants
Europeans & Americans held African
slaves
Middle Passage Africa to South America
Killed 20% of slaves (illness, suicide)

Economy - Jobs
Worked in the army
Slaves, house servants, farmers,
entertainers
Farmers tobacco,
cotton, sugar
Economy - Trade
Henry the Navigator from Portuguese
Increased as sugar plantations opened
(Sao Tome)
Gold, salt, pepper, textiles
Bronze, ivory, slaves, ebony (Sub-
Saharan)
Indian Ocean Trade & Atlantic Circuit
Economy - Trade
Dutch East India Company gun/powder
Triangle Trade European guns for slaves
Slaves for labor (sugar, molasses, rum)
Mali trans-Saharan trade leading center
Reliance on European imports increased

Economy - Mercantilism
Slave trade for British & Dutch
Prosperous kingdoms Kongo, Benin,
Mali, Songhai
Kongo & Benin Portuguese Christianization,
trade
Mali & Songhai trans-Saharan trade
Gold Coast west African trading leader


Social/Cultural Status of
Women
Determined by status of male master
Arranged marriage was a rule
Child rearing replaced by various activities
Many freed women had Muslim
households
Muslim Africans practiced veiling in public
Social/Cultural Women of West &
Central Africa
Matrilineal in some parts of Africa
- Women took parts in leadership
Marketing was popular Women often
administered
Brewing beer was discovered
Farm-work, cooking, & spinning became
popular

Social/Cultural Upper class
Africans
Hired slaves as servants
Female slaves were in high demand
Slaves were trained for special purposes
Slaves were inexpensive; many owned
thousands
Social/Cultural Arts
Sculptures became the most dominant
medium
Carved ivory and textiles became textile
art
-Owned by elite, lower class traded
Woven basketry became valued treasures
Architecture influenced by Arabs and
Europeans
Social/Cultural Religions
North Africa Islamic
Sub-Saharan Africa Christian



Social/Cultural Philosophies,
Thinking, Education
Mali- Quranic schools, Islamic teachings
Ideas from Mali moved to Central
Demand for books increased
Afrikaners (Boers) from Dutch influenced
greatly
Ethiopia had Christian
mission schools
Technology - Innovations
Gun & gun powder from Europe
Technology Agricultural Innovations
Slaves farming, cattle herding
Agricultural equipments
Events - Diseases
Slave trade (Middle Passage)
overpopulation, uncleanliness
Old World disease spread (Black Death)
Only about 5% reached Americas
Aids, HIV spread (to present day)
Events - Invasions
Europeans & Portuguese main settlers
Boers/Afrikaners Dutch settlers
Cape Colony Dutch in the south
Angola Portuguese
Slave trade caused invasions & migration
Events Discoveries/Imperialism
Advances in agricultural labor
Atlantic slave trade with sugar, mining
European imperialism throughout Africa
- Portuguese first, then English
Kongo, Songhai, & Angola - Major
kingdoms
Geography - Map
Geography Another Map
Geography Major Cities
Trading cities/ports Timbuktu, Jenne
Sierra Leon & Niani (Gold Coast)
Mozambique, Mombasa (Swahili Coast)
Geography Land Features &
Bodies of Water
Many desert lands (Saharan)
Dry climate
Oceans allowed trade
Atlantic Ocean at West Africa
Indian Ocean at East Africa


Geography Migration & Trade
Main migration through slavery
Sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas
Middle Passage- brought slaves across
Atlantic
Indian Ocean trade : Europe - E. Africa
Triangular Trade: Europe, Africa,
Americas
North Africa 1750-1914
Erin Smith and Genevieve Aucoin
Politics in North Africa (1750-1914)
Regional kingdoms ruled
some North Africans
Muhammad Ali ruler of
Egypt during 1800s
Europe had increasing
influence in politics
Berlin Conference (1884)
divided North Africa
Tense relations with
Ottoman Empire

Economics in North Africa (1750-
1914)
Suez Canal built by
Egyptians (1869)
Industrialization spreads
from trade with Europe
Muhammad Ali supported
industrialization of Egypt
Cotton and wheat most
important crops
Most people worked in
agriculture

Social Aspects of North Africa
(1750-1914)
Islam most prominent
religion
Patriarchal family life
from Islamic traditions
Many people worked
in agriculture
Foreign influence
effects thoughts on
industrialization

Events in North Africa (1750-1914)
Berlin Conference
(1884) divided Africa
to countries
Opening of Suez
Canal (1869
Rule of Muhammad
Ali (1805-18480
Egyptian-Ottoman
War (1831-1833)



Technology in North Africa (1750-
1914)
Suez Canal built to help
trade
Muhammad Ali
encouraged
industrialization of Egypt
European advisers
created first North African
industries
Industries tried to lessen
foreign dependence

East Africa 1750-1940
Janice He
Peggy Xu
Political
Muhammad Ahmad leads revolt in Sudan
Had sultans e.g. Khalfa ibn Harb.
Mozambique under Portuguese rule
Almost all under European
control
Economics
Clove plantations
British abolish slave trade
Portuguese wanted control of spice trade
Important gateway into Indian Ocean trade
Americans want cloth trade
Social/cultural
Colonizers introduced new food (peanuts,
maize)
Missionaries from Europe (David
Livingstone)
Islam spread through Zanzibari
traders
Colonization brought education
(mission schools)
Technology
East African railway
New weaponry from trading with
Europeans

Events
Berlin Conference(1884)- scramble for
Africa
Italy tried colonizing Ethiopia (1895-1896)
British bombarded Zanzibar (1896)
Anglo-German agreement
(splits East Africa)

Geography
Omani capital to Zanzibar (1839)
Highest elevation in Africa
Lake Victoria second largest freshwater
lake
Great Rift Valley
Gold, copper, petroleum
Aya Badr and Eunice Joung
Central and West Africa
1750-1914
Politics
Re-colonization of Africa
Coastal kingdoms ruled by warlords/merchants
Intertribal war and revolutions
Zulu kingdom- strict military (by Shaka)
Sokoto caliphate- largest state (by Usuman dan
Fodio)

Economics
West Africa traded/still relied on slaves
British/French trading companies set up
Imported processed goods
Exported crops, cocoa, and gold
Plantation economy

Social/ Cultural

Niger Delta slavery
Women managed property
Jihad to purify Islam
Literary/ artistic forms of the west
Ancestor worship: syncretism
Technology
Industrialization: guns, textiles,
alcohol (foreign imports)
French built railroad: Senegal
River Niger
Irrigation systems
Rivers- more navigable (needed
for economy)
Printing industry promoted
Arabic


Events
Atlantic Slave Trade ends
Muslim rulers resisted French
occupation
Berlin Conference (1885)
Migration: Western Europeans
colonize/ settle down
Imperialism disrupts village life



Geography
Senegal River, Niger
River, Congo River,
South Nile River
Lake Victoria
Natural resources:
gold and diamonds
Cote dIvoire
Slave Trade between
West African rulers


Southern Africa
1750 - 1914
Yuri Lee, Jeewon Chon
Southern African Politics

Botswana-> British Rule
(Union of South Africa)
Lesotho->King
Moshoeshoe defeated by
British
Namibia-> German
African colony (British
Influence)
South Africa-> British
rule; founded Republic
Swaziland-> British;
South African Republic
Southern African Economics
Exports=platinum,
diamond, gold, uranium
Poverty, corruption, AIDS
impedes economy
Severe Colonial Tax on
Africans
Trans-Saharan slave
trade with North Africa
Colonialism left
unsustainable plantations


Southern African Culture/Social
Men leave families for city
work
Separation from spouses
STD increase
Islamic and Christian
beliefs
Mines: Africans paid 1/10
of Europeans
Mission schools teach
basic skills
Southern Africa Geography
Harare (Zimbabwes capital), Cape Town (in
South Africa)
Source of platinum, gold, iron, diamonds
Kalahari Desert & Namib Desert
Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers, Great Rift Valley
North-South Corridor Links Zambia with
port of Durban

Southern Africa Technology
Nguni people: cattle/agriculture in South Africa
Zulu fighters: spears, ox-hide shields
Kimberley mines changed South Africa. (agrian
mineral)
Railway from Kimberley Cape (transports
goods)
Zulu, Xhosa used hides for clothing


Southern Africa Events
Boer Wars Conflict between Afrikaners & British
Discovered gold in Transvaal worsens relations
Britain colonized Cape Colony, angering Afrikaners
British invades (Cecil Rhodes). Defeats Zulu &
Xhosa
British took Afrikaner republics Transvaal & Orange
Free State
North Africa
1914-Present
Maaz Shah
Abhi Bhardwaj
Nadeem Jetha
Politics
Corrupt leaders have
dominated North
Africa
Governments consist
of republics and
communism
Most North African
governments are
Authoritarian
There have been
governmental revolts
recently
North
Africa
Economics
Factory labor systems,
isolated farming
Subsistence farming,
mining, factory jobs,
management
Oil, gold, copper, textiles
OPEC members, Aswan
Dam, Suez Canal
Social
Created beautiful jewelry and had universities
Berbers, Tuaregs; native
Berbers dominate society
Copied schools from Europe
models
Almost all are Muslim/Islam
Women gaining rights; displaying Islamic garb
Technology
Communication
advancements spur
international trade
Urban centers are
urbanized, not rural
Little agricultural innovation
for subsistence farmers
Little innovation leads to
developing society
Foreign investment helps
industrialization

Events
North African Campaign
was significant in WWII
Malaria, Yellow Fever,
and Typhoid are
diseases
Political revolutions in
Libya, Tunisia, Egypt
25,000 die from
meningitis in 1996
In the 1950s North
Africa was decolonized


Geography
North Africa mostly covered by Sahara
Desert
Mediterranean Sea borders whole N.
Africa
Atlas Mountains in North Morocco and
Tunisia
Desert contains lots of oil
East Africa (1914-Present)
Philip Lan and Tony Qian
I I was
invented
here!
Politics
Mubarak, Kenyatta, Gaddafi
Military dictatorship
Constant ethnic struggles-Darfur
19 UN territories
Economics
Tourism in most countries ex. Kenya
Recovering from European exploitation
Supposedly good for agriculture

Social/ Cultural
Patrilineal, wives treated like
property
Becoming more Globalized
Islam and some Christianity
No written text = obscured
philosophy
Thousands Pre-colonization
tribes -> ethnic struggle

Technology
Adopted many European technologies.
Exposed Geothermal Tech in Kenya
No innovations but basic modern tech.


Events
Imperialism still took place
after WWI.
Independence movements
after WWII.
Many civil wars (ex.
Ethiopia)
Mass killings in Darfur and
elsewhere.
Political instability after
independence.



Geography
Lake Victoria and Great Rift valley.
Gold, Copper, petroleum and farming-
industries.
Indian Ocean to east, El Nino weather.
Trade with European till independence.

Central and West Africa
(1914 Present)
Patricia Lin
&
Jieyan Zhong
Politics
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana
Prime Minister/President)
Democracy but corrupt
France owned West
Africa, decolinization
after 1945 (politics)
Economy
Trade - Ghana: cocoa,
Nigeria: palm oil
Algerian oil, gas, wine for
France
Economic Community of
West African States
1975
Diamonds, gas, oil, iron

Social/Culture
High illiteracy
Women major role in retail
trades
Christianity (missionaries) and
Islam (merchants) spread
Languages: West, Afro-
Asiatic, Niger Congo A;
Central, Bantu
Arts: ceremonial objects


Technology
Uncontrolled flow of
weapons from Cold War
Airplanes and
automobiles introduced
mid 1900s
Underdeveloped nation

Events
Rwanda genocide
between Tutsi and Hutu
From 80's, AIDS in Africa
Ghana first Western
state independence,
1957
Civil Wars: Nigeria,
Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Guinea - Bissau

Geography
Diamonds, gas, oil, iron
Congo River
Kinshasa (Democratic
Republic of the Congo),
Lagos (Nigeria), Accra
(Ghana)

Southern Africa
1914- Present
Heather Chalmers
Mya Ansah
Divya Sukumar
Politics
All states had a Residential Representative
Democratic
President is head of state/government
1960s government changed after lower-class
revolutions
Leaders: Presidents change periodically
Govt. has legislative, executive, judicial
branches.



Economics
No specified labor systems, no slavery.
Jobs agriculturally based
Trade with Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Middle East
Produce: Bananas, sugar, diamonds, gold,
cattle.
Common Market for Eastern and Southern
Africa (e.1994)
Social/Cultural
English, Portuguese, Bantu, Afrikaans
are languages
Women gained right to vote
Countries are Christian except
Tanzania (Muslim)
Women began to work


Technology
Radio Telescope in place by 2012.
Labs that aid people medically
South Africa is most technologically
advanced country.
Solar power in rural area

Events
South African Civil War
(1960-1994) against
apartheid government
Flu epidemic of 1918 killed
280,000
Apartheid abolished in 1994
South Africa declares flood
disaster in January 2011



Geography
South Africa:
Johannesburg, Cape
Town; Mozambique:
Maputo
Diamonds, platinum,
iron, and gold mined
Terrain ranging from
grasslands to
deserts.



Southern Africa: 1914
Southern Africa: Present
MIDDLE EAST
Middle East
8000~1000 B.C.E.
Inseok Hwang, Raghav Kaul
Politics
Leaders
Menes / Narmer (Egypt)
Lugals (Sumerians)
Gilgamesh
Ramesses
Akhenaten
Types of Government
Divine Kingship (religious monarchy)

Economics
Paleolithic Agemostly nomadic hunters and
foragers, gathered food
Agricultural RevolutionsBeginning of crop
cultivation, nomads settle down
Pastoralistsbased food and livelihood off
grazing animals
Arts and crafts such as metalworking and pottery
increased
Growth of city-states increased traders of surplus
goods and products



Economics
Increased technological advances were
motivated by profitirrigation for agriculture
The Fertile Crescent was a river valley which
was ideal for farming
Labor systems included collectivization,
slavery (including the slavery of Jews in
Egypt)

Social / Cultural
Social
Patrilineal/Matrilineal societies
Free Landowners > Farmers/Artisans > Slaves
(Mesopotamia)
Men > Women (various rights except politics)
Pharaohs > Officials > Civilians > Slaves (Egypt)
Social / Cultural
Cultural
Polytheism Summerians/Mesopotamian
Sumerian Gods based on nature forces
ziggurat
Divine Rights Egyptian
Pharaohs To Keep Maat
Pyramids afterlife

Technology
Sumerian Written Records
Hammurabis Law Code
Irrigation
Writings - cuneiform
System of Tokens to keep track
Technology (Cont)
Bronze and Clay tools and bricks
Hieroglyphics
Paper Papyrus
Preservation - Mummy
Events
Agricultural Revolutionsoccurred at diff. times
in diff. places (8000-5000 BCE)
Mysterious Fall of Indus Valley Civilization -
1900 B.C.E
Holocenethe small period of global warming,
leading to extinction (10,000 BCE)
Emergence of the lugal (3000 BCE)
Decline of Akkadia (3000 BCE)Agricultural
Revolutions
Events (Cont)
Start of Old, Middle, and New Egyptian
Kingdoms (2700-2200, 2100-1700, 1570-1070
BCE, respectively)
Unity of Upper and Lower Egypt (3100 BCE)
Hykso invasion of Egypt (1670 BCE)
Exodus of Jews from Egypt (1312 BCE)
Geography
Geography
Cities (most important ones are bolded)
Babylon
Sumer
Ur
Memphis (Egypt)
Giza (Egypt)
Thebes (Egypt)
Geography (Cont)
Bodies of water (most important ones are bolded)
Tigris River
Euphrates River
Nile River
Jordan River
Dead Sea
Persian Gulf
Black and Caspian Seas (near the north)
Red Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Geography (Cont)
Fertile Crescentname of region covered by
Tigris/Euphrates, curving from Northern Iraq, then ending up
in Palestinewas good farmland
Big migrations included the Assyrian mass deportations of
rebellious groups


Middle East 1000 BCE to 600
CE
Brandon Scales and Chris Chang
Politics
Leaders
Cyrus united, created the Persian Empire
Darius I Persian empire
Israel Kings Saul, David Solomon
Egyptian Pharaohs
Alexander the Great


Politics
Chaldean dynasty (Neo- Babylonia)
Nebuchadnezzar
Phoenicia City States lead by Chiefs
Ptolemies Dynasty rules in Alxandria
Government
Egypt Monarchy Divine Kingship
Israel Monarchy
Neo Assyrian empire Monarchy
Persian government had governors:
satraps
Babylonia Monarchy
Jobs
Egypt relied on irrigation
Farmers, merchants, traders
Architect in Egypt
Sailors (Phoenicia)
Priests, scribes, doctors
Labor Systems
Slaves, servants.
Egypt: Peasants built pyramids

Trade and goods
Under Solomon Israel trades on Red sea
Israel: gold, ivory, animals, sandalwood
Phoenicia trade power in Mediterranean
sea
Macedonian empire creates more trade


Family Structure
Israel
Lived in extended families
Eldest male had authority
Marriage was important
economic/social institution
Persia
Patriarchal family organization

Gender Roles
Israel
Male preference in families
Experienced general equality in Israel
Persia
Male dominance in society



Religions
Israel
Monotheism: Yahweh
The Diaspora: dispersion of Jews
First Temple of Jerusalem
Hebrew Bible
Persia
Zoroastrianism
Philosophies
Assyria
King is center of the universe

Social Classes
Persia- Classes of Society
1.Warriors
2.Priests
3.Peasants
Social Classes
Persia- Classes within Royalty
1.Sons of aristocrats
2.Noblemen
3.Central administration
4.Royal bodyguard
5.Slaves and courtiers
Social Classes
Assyria
1.Free landowning citizens
2.Farmers and artisans of Kings estate
3.Slaves
Arts and Sciences
Assyria
Pottery, tools, clothing were
manufactured
Created lists of plant/animals,
astronomy, geography
Library of Arshurbanipal
Persia
Persepolis Treasury
Major Innovations
Egypt
Pyramids
Mummification
Hieroglyphics
Assyria
Iron weapons and cavalry
Mobile archery towers
Battering rams


Major Innovations
Israel
Monotheism
Babylonians
Studied mathematics, astronomy, and
astrology
Phoenicians
alphabetic system of writing
Agricultural Innovations
Israel
Leveled terraces expanded cultivable area
Persia
Underground irrigation canals
Industrialization
Artisans produced goods to trade
Wars
Xerxes invades Greece
Persian wars

Migration
Diaspora scattering of Jews
Mass deportation used by Assyrians

Invasions
Assyrians take
Mesopotamia
Babylonians take
Assyrians empire
Persian expansion
into Europe and India
Alexander the Great
takes Europe and
India


Alexander's
empire
Revolution
Hellenistic period

Geography
Persian empire 500 BCE
Geography
Israel 1000 BCE
Major Cities
Alexandria capital of
Egypt in Hellenistic
Periods
Jerusalem Israel Capital
Babylon Capital of
Babylonian empire
Anshan Persian capital
Tyre Capital of
Phoenicians

Babylon
Natural resources
Wood, gold, ivory ,iron,
Leather, animals, stone, clay

Trade routes
Silk road ends in Phoenicia
Mediterranean trade


Migration routes
Diaspora is across Europe and Asia
Mass deportation by Assyrians had no
route
Middle East including Egypt
from 600 CE to 1450 CE
Neha Mylarapu and Sharon Roy
Leaders
Abu Bakr- first caliph of Muhammad
Ali- cousin/ son-in-law of Muhammad
Abraham- builder of Kaaba; first Muslim
Hulegu- founded Il-Khan
Ghazan- Il-Khan Muslim ruler
Political Leaders
Timur- Il-Khan of Persia
Conquered Jagadai and Golden Horde
Khanates
Saladin- Sultan of Egypt and Syria
Mamluk Dynasty- Egypt center of Islamic
culture
Types of Government
Caliphate- theocratic Islamic empire
Ilkhanate
Islamic empire defeated by Mongols
Abbasid Dynasty- Baghdad was center
Umayyad Dynasty- renewed style of
rulership
Attacked Constantinople- Byzantine capital





Trade/Goods, Mercantilism, and
Labor Systems
Malmuk slaves established army [Turks]
Spread of Islam along trade routes
Islamic empire defeated by Mongols
Monopolized trade routes between
Europe & Asia
Paper money and high taxes
Trade/Goods, Mercantilism, and
Labor System [cont]
Malay sailors
Long-distance trade bubonic plague
Slave women + free father= free child
Islamic law forbade slavery of Muslims
Exception: prisoners of war
Family Structure
Structured and patriarchal
Womens duty: loyalty to family/husband
Under Quran: women protected and/or
respected
Women part of Harem
Men could have 4 wives
Religion
Islam- Shiite and Sunni
Shiite: Ali rightful heir to empire
Sufi: mystical Islamic group; Islamic
missionaries
Sunni: people choose successors; largest
Umma: completely religious political group

Religion
Il-Khan: some Christianity
Egypt had Christianity and Islam



Philosophies/Thinking/Educatio
n
Quranic schools
Hadith- sayings of Muhammad
Shariah- moral code
Five Pillars
Faith
Prayer
Fasting
Alms-giving
Hajj
Gender roles
Women: no property rights; viewed as
property
Low status for women
Quran gave women some legal rights
Women veiled in public
Social Class
Patriarchal society set up by Quran and
Shariah
Slaves at bottom of society
Womens rights- property, divorce and
banned infanticide
Arts/Science
Mohammad al-Razi: medical encyclopedia
Rashid al-Din: first history of the world
Contributions to algebra- Arabic numbers
Distinct architecture- minarets and
mosques
Printing from woodblocks
Translation of Greek texts and secular
Arabic poetry
The Arabian Nights



Arts/Science/Technology [cont]
Study of astronomy maps of stars
Cartographers
Arabesques: calligraphy and designs
Sufis- emotional attachment with Allah
Astrolabe improved
War/Diseases
Some amount of forceful conversions
Abbasid takeover of Umayyad
Escaped family member made Cordoba
Caliphate
Bubonic Plague
Imperialism
Abbasid Empire
Umayyad Empire
Ilkhanate
Geography
Major Cities/Land
Features/Bodies of Water
Cairo, Jerusalem, Mecca, Medina,
Baghdad
Caucasus Mountains
Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Mediterranean
Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf
The Middle East
1450-1750
Robin Cho
Arush Lal
Anita Rajaraman
Politics- Leaders
Ottoman Empire
Mehmed II- laid siege to Constantinople
Selim I- ended potential threat from Iran
Suleiman- commanded assault on
Christian Europe
Patrona Halil- leader of revolt, executed
Abd al-Wahhab- began conservative
Sunni movement
Politics- Leaders
Safavid Empire
Ismail- proclaimed himself shah of Iran
Abbas I- made Isfahan capital of Iran
Nadir Shah- briefly reunified Iran
Politics- Government
Ottoman Empire
Resembled new centralized monarchy
Most powerful and best organized state
Extremely military oriented
Used a land-grant system
Sultan lost power, empire declined
Politics- Government
Safavid Empire
Resembled Ottoman Empire
Used land-grant system
Empire collapsed- economic and political
crises
Technology- Major Innovations

Few significant technological advances
Ottoman Empire:
Cannon and light-weight firearms
Safavid Empire:
Deep-pile carpets


Social-Family structure
Family- wives, children, servant, eunuch
Ruling family- mother = court justice
Women can retain property after marriage
Men- monopoly of public life



Social-Ottoman Women
Status= subordinate to men
Status= dependent on male master
Cooking, brewing, farming, spinning, child
rearing
Lower class= trade, small business
Elite class= veil, seclusion


Social-Women (cont.)
Veil- concealed head to toe
Ruling class- women influenced politics
womens quarter- harem/ anderun
Women in public- poor, prostitutes, aged


Social-Religion
Predominantly Islam
Islam influenced architectural designs
Spread peacefully to other regions
Spread through trade
Common moral code/laws of Islam
Social- Philosophy/ education
Spread of Islam= increased literacy
Arabic spread to Africa
India- Urdu, Persian influenced language,
developed
Islamic law/ code
Inspired by Greek philosophy, education

Social- Social Structure
Janissary (Ottoman)- Muslim converted
Christian soldiers
Military class/askeri (Ottoman) -exempt of
taxes
women= subordinate to men
Sufi order (Safavids)




Social- Arts and Science
Main subject in art- beardless boys
Miniature paintings depicting women=
dancers, musicians
Science inspired by Greek scientists
Glassmaking

Events-War/invasion/rebellions
Battle of Chaldiran- Ottoman vs. Safavid
Battle of Lepant
1638- Ottoman capture of Baghdad
Patrona Halil Rebellion- proved Ottoman=
weak
Battle of Slankamen- Turkey removes
Ottoman





Events-Ottoman-Safavid
war/truce
1555- Declares peace
1580- Ottoman attack on Safavid
1638- Another truce
1723- End of Safavid rule


Other events
1718-1730= Tulip Period
1492- Expulsion of Jews from Spain
1529- Siege of Vienna
Migration-Jews flooded into Ottoman
(Janissary)


Economy-Labor Systems

-Devshirme system created by Ottomans

-Janissaries: military slaves (Ottoman empire)

-Slaves (both empires)
Economy-Jobs
-Architects

-artisans (Glassmakers, poets, etc.)

-Wealthy men- landowners

-traders

Economy-Trade/Goods
- Dried fruits

- sesame seeds

- Nuts

- olive oil

Economy-Trade/Goods (cont.)
- Silk

- Persian rugs

- Trade through: Red Sea; Indian Ocean
Geography (map)
Geography (major cities)

- Istanbul (Ottoman Empire)
- Ankara
- Isfahan (Safavid Empie)
- Izmir (Ottoman Empire)
- Hormuz


Geography ( land features/Bodies
of Water)
- Caucasus Mountains
- Red Sea
- Persian Gulf
- Mediterranean Sea
- Black Sea

Geography (natural resources)
- Dried fruits
- cotton
-sesame seeds
-Nuts
-olive oil


Geography (trade routes)
Major trading routes through
- Red Sea
- Indian Ocean
- Mediterranean Sea


Geography (migration routes)
- Jews flood into Ottoman territory
Middle East
1750-1914
Clark Meng
Siva Movva
Wilson Gao
Middle Eastern Politics
Ottomans had reforming Sultans
Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt
Young Ottoman movement, leads to
constitution
British and Russians dominant in Persia.
Countries depended on effective firearm
usage.

1715-1914
Middle East Economics
Used African (+non-book) slaves
labor systems
Many Arab slave traders, became rich
Silk, oriental carpets; trade very huge
Cotton trade increased in 18
th
century
Countries raised most
money taxing citizens

The Middle Eastern Social/Culture
Patrilineal family units
Janissaries for Military
European influence on culture
Tanzimat Revolution =(women<men) +
Equality

Educational reform + foreign =New Education
(English)
(Tax Farming)
The Middle Eastern Technology
Modern institution of weapons = Crimean
War
Loss because of backwardness
Partially Didnt want
Lack Railroads=Slow communication
Suez Canal (Egypt)

Vs.
Middle Eastern Events
Ottomans instituted Tanzimat reforms.
Egypt defeats British and the mamluks.
Crimean War
First World War. Middle East countries
enter.
Zionism movement begins.
1715-1914
Middle East Geography
Cairo, Baghdad,
Istanbul, Cyprus,
Jerusalem
Most countries desert,
water/oasis important
Some gold, spice, & cotton, mostly traders
Mountainous regions around Afghanistan
Suez Canal (trade), Mediterranean +
Persian Sea
The Middle East- 1914-present
Alisha Goel
Sehar Ali
Arshiya Lal
Politics
Saudi Arabia- Monarchy
Turkey- Mustafa Kemal (secular
republic)

Egypt- King Faruq,
Jordan- King Husayn

Iraq- King Faysal,
Saddam Husain (dictator)

Iran- monarchy (Palavi) Islamic Republic (Ayatollah
Ruhollah Khomeini)

Afghanistan- communist rebel groups

Economic
Economic superpower
Economies dependent on oil/oil
wanted
Growing presence of the United
States
Development of market
economies
Behind in production, trade,
education, communication


Social/Cultural
Motherhood important aspect, Patriarchal society
Conservative- Women raise children, Men work
Islam- Shiite, Sunni, Kurds; Christianity, Judaism
Conservative Thinking some countries, Liberal
thinking
Religious writings and modern & religious art
Technology
Oil fields used oil pumps
Iran- American weaponry.
Iraq- USSR weaponry.
Made weapons of mass
destruction:
Chemical, biological, and
nuclear weapons
Chemical/pharmaceutical
plants nerve gas


Events
Many Middle Eastern
countries independent
(Israel created)
Irans new republic led
by Ayatollah Khomeini
Saddam Hussein in Iraq
invades Kuwait
Persian Gulf War
President Bush invades
Iraq

Ayatollah Khomeini

Geography
Rich petroleum fields,
natural gas,
phosphate
Scarce water; crops:
apricots, figs, olives
Arabian Sea, Red
Sea, Mediterranean
Sea
Trade with Indian
Ocean, Trans -
Saharan Trade
Abundant Desert,
Cities- Baghdad,
Tehran, Cairo
http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-maps-middle-east/middle_east_ref04.jpg
ASIA:
East, South,
Southeast
Asia 8000 BCE- 1000 BCE
Yasamin Khansari, Sonal Dugar,
and Marissa DSouza
Politics of South Asia: Indus Valley
Several centers with varying functions
Strong central authority (stayed in citadels)
Standardized civilization
Power held with religious and trade
control

Politics of South Asia: Aryans
Strong warrior leaders known as Rajas
Light- skinned Indo-Europeans
Chiefdoms, patriarchal families & kinship
groups

Politics of China
Xia, ancient dynasty
Shang
Zhou

Politics of China
Shang Dynasty
Capital at Anyang
King ruled
Controlled core area of state
Warrior aristocracy controlled outer region
Military campaigns

Politics of China
Zhou Dynasty
Defeated Shang
Mandate of Heaven
Son of Heaven
Separation of religion
and government
Sophisticated administration center
Economics of South Asia: Indus
Valley
Wheat, barley, and cotton
Fertile floodplain heavy agriculture
surplus
Taxes paid in grains
Marketplaces
Trade, fishing, gathering, smiths, artisans


Economics of South Asia: Aryans
Pastoralists and herders
Some agricultural communities
Cattle
Monsoons Harvests
Wheat, barley, millet


Economics of China
Shang Dynasty
Agricultural society
Trade with jade, ivory, mother of pearl
Traded with Mesopotamia
River valley civilization, Yellow River
Mined copper and tin

Economics of China
Shang continued
Jobs: government administrators,
artisans/craftsman, merchants/traders,
farmers
Slaves used, prisoners of war



Economics of China
Zhou Dynasty
Agricultural society
River Valley civilization, Yellow River and
Huang He
Trade
Taxes standardized money
Legalist thoughts used to justify demands
Economics of China
Zhou continued
Jobs: government administrators,
artisans/craftsmen, farmers,
merchants/traders
Slaves, prisoners of war
Social/Cultural of South Asia: Indus
Valley
Animal gods and gods of fertility
Supposedly spoke an early Dravidian
Writing system with 400 symbols
Inscriptions in stones and copper tablets
Distinctions between rich and poor





Social/Cultural: Aryans
Vedic Age: Vedas, Upanishads
Aryans vs. Dasas, Caste System
Patriarchal
Martial skill, combat, feasts, racing,
gambling
Sanskrit
Social/Culture of China
Shang Dynasty
King and direct court
Warrior aristocracy and military elite
Aristocrats served as ambassadors and
administrators
Ruling class had power
Commoners lived in outlying villages
Social/Cultural of China
Shang continued
Slaves and prisoners of war low status
Women submissive to men
Father or husband in charge
Social/Cultural of China
Shang continued
Divination used, priests have power
Ancestor worship, male spirits
Feng shui, orientation of buildings
Power of gods shown through king
Ritual sacrifices


Social/Cultural of China
Shang continued
Burials of king includes sacrifices and
treasures
Bronze objects sign of authority and
nobility
Artisans created bronze pottery, silk,
jewelry
Buildings built with mud and wood
Buildings aligned to north polar star

Social/Cultural of China
Shang continued
Cardinal points where gates are
Pictograms and phonetics symbols
combined to form signs
Small educated elite learned it

Social/Cultural of China
Zhou Dynasty
Mandate of Heaven, Son of Heaven
Ruling class and elite have power
Women subordinate to men
Confucian social beliefs
Five relationships


Social/Cultural of China
Zhou continued
Yin and yang, men and women
Divination used, priests no longer have
power
Divine favor given to emperor
Decline in ritual sacrifices
Bronze used as family treasures


Social/Cultural of China
Zhou continued
Feng shui used
Buildings faced south, harmonious to
nature
Government officials models of morality
and fairness
Court elaborate and rich
Impression of court solidified obligation
between ruler and ruled
Social/Cultural of China
Zhou continued
Legalism justified demands of obedience
Confucianism and Daoism appear
Ancestor worship
Educated elite learns signs
Technology: Indus Valley
Urbanization
Barracks
Cities/Streets: Rectangular grid pattern
Irrigation, potters wheel, bricks, drainpipes


Technology: Aryans
Iron Tools
Chariots
Horse-drawn wagons

Technology of China
Shang Dynasty
Walls as hard as cement
Pictorial writings
Horse drawn chariots
Irrigation
Pottery, silk cloth, bronze work
Technology of China
Zhou dynasty
Legalism, Daoism, Confucianism
Iron, steel use

Events of South Asia
5000 BCE- Settled agriculture begins
1900 BCE- Indus Valley system failure
1500 BCE- Aryans migrate to India
1500 BCE- Vedic Age begins



Events of China
Shang Dynasty
Extended into Mongolia, Gansu, and
Yangzi River Valley
Did this by military campaigns
Last Shang king defeated by Wu

Events of China
Zhou Dynasty
Wu, of Wei River Valley, founds Zhou
dynasty
Geography of South Asia: Indus
Valley
Silt, floods, snowmelt, monsoons, dryness
Indus & Hakra Rivers, Thar Desert, Himalayas
Urban Centers: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Metals
Trade: Sumerians (Persian Gulf) Afghanistan,
Iran (mountains)



Geography of South Asia: Aryans
Zones: mountainous North, Deccan
Plateau, Basins
Subtropical climate, monsoons
Indian Ocean affects climate
Migrated from NW to S
Geography of China
Shang dynasty
Capital at Anyang
Spread include Mongolia, Gansu, and
Yangzi River Valley
Yellow River, Huang He
Wood, water, fish, tin, copper
Trade across to Mesopotamia
Geography of China
Shang continued
Geography of China
Zhou Dynasty
Huang He, Yellow River
Western Zhou Era and Eastern Zhou Era
Wood, water, fish, tin, copper, iron, steel
Trade to Mesopotamia
Geography of China
Zhou Continued
Asia
1000 B.C.E 600 C.E.
David Carroll
Harris Gu
Kunal Potnis
Politics Maurya Dynasty
Expanded from kingdom of Magaha
Main leaders: Chandragupta Maurya and
Ashoka
Centralized government; capital = Pataliputra
All of India except southern tip


Ashoka
Politics Gupta Dynasty
Founded by Chandra Gupta
Expanded from kingdom of Magadha
Less centralized than predecessor; capital =
Pataliputra
Successors = Samudra Gupta, Chandragupta
II, & Kumara Gupta
Example of theater state
Politics Zhou and Qin
Zhou Empire:
Decentralized rule; Monarch = Son of
Heaven
Monarchs rule Mandate of Heaven

Qin Dynasty:
Founder = Shi Huangdi, Prime Minister =
Li Si
United Yangzi River Valley and northern plain
Great organizational skills

Shi Huangdi
Politics Han Dynasty
Founded by Liu Bang, capital = Changan
later Emperor Wu launched military
expansion
Central government consisted of:
Prime minister, civil service director, &
ministers


Liu Bang
Economics Indian Empires
Maurya
Govt controlled mines, shipbuilding, & armament
manufacturing
Issued standard coinage

Gupta
Govt monopolies on mining (salt & metals)
Special taxes; 25% tax on agriculture

Silk Road exports minerals, spices, tools,
etc.



Economics - South Asian Jobs
Agriculture/ Farming
Doctors
Merchants
Artisans
Sea and Land Trade Groups

Economics Chinese Dynasties
Agriculture = vital; tax on harvests
Rice, wheat, etc.
Required military service (Qin, Han)
Labor for public works projects (Qin, Han)
Silk Road silk = important export item
Road building increased efficiency
Economics
East/Southeast Asian Jobs
Officials
Army/ Military / Soldiers
Craftsmen, Merchants, Sailors,
Metallurgist
Agricultural Workers/ Farmers
Civil Servants
Social Structure
India Varna (classes)
-Brahmins (priests) on top
-Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers) just
below
-Vaisyas (merchants and farmers) in
middle
-Sudras (common workers) on bottom
-Untouchables (no class) below the
bottom

Social Structure contd
China and India had subordinate females
In China, supported by patriarchal
Confucianism
Chinese structure less static than Indias:
Han: examination system to further social
class
China: Elite Educated (top) Artisans
Unskilled Laborers
Indias ReligionsHinduism
Based on Vedic traditions; Gupta rulers
religion
Polytheisticone divine spirit w/ many forms
Cycle of reincarnation eventually moksha
(liberation)
Good rewarded, bad punished (karma)
Dharmacode of conduct/
responsibility

Indias ReligionsBuddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
Did not support class distinction
All practitioners equal; more womens rights
Supported by Mauryan ruler Ashoka (non-
violence)
Goal = Nirvana, similar to Hindu Moshka
Siddhartha Gautama
Chinas ReligionAncestor
Worship
Believed ancestors spirits influenced current
family
Oracle bones to ask gods & ancestors advice
Mandate of Heaven: rulers lineage is divine
Legitimized emperors since Zhou dynasty
Buddhism introduced along Silk Road
Chinas Philosophy
Confucianism
Founded by Kung Fu Tze (Confucius) during
Warring States
Filial piety: duty to family and society
Patriarchal values
Valued education Han examination
system
Thoughts of Confucius collected
in analects


Chinas PhilosophyDaoism
Founded by Lao Zi during Warring States
Didnt advocate education or political activity
Forces of universe will resolve conflicts
Balance of Yin (light) and Yang (dark)
Chinas PhilosophyLegalism
Subordinated individual need to state needs
Legitimized taxation and compulsory labor
Used by Qin
Han blended Legalism with ideals of
Confucianism
Emphasized govt benevolence, appropriate social
conduct
Indias Family Structure/Gender
Roles
Gupta Empire caused greater female
subordination
Arranged marriages as young as teens
Satiritual burning of widows
Spread of Hinduism
Dharma family members
responsible for duties

sati
Chinas Family Structure/Gender
Roles
Confucianism gave every member a role
Family units = smaller versions of government
Father represented emperors, sons were high-
class
Women subordinate to men for life
Confucius five relationships

Indias Arts and Sciences
Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries
Elaborate religious paintings, statues, courtyards
Sanskrit used as written language
Gupta concept of zero & arabic
numerals
Hindu epic poems: Ramayana, Mahabharata,
Upanishads
Chinas Arts and Sciences
Measurements and language standardized by
Qin
Silk cloth largely manufactured
Bronze highly valued for luxury items
Terracotta army
Technology
Maurya & Gupta Dynasty
Maurya:
coinage, system of roads, rock edicts, etc.
Gupta:
Decimal system, zero, and Arabic numerals
Sterilization techniques & inoculation against
smallpox
Development of classic Hindu temple
Irrigation and road improvements

Technology Zhou and Qin
Zhou:
Iron/ steel working, horse-riding techniques, etc.
Qin:
Defensive walls Great Wall
Measures, weights, and coinage
Improved irrigation canals

Technology Han Dynasty
Developed paper
Invented water-powered mill
Better steel and cast-iron tools
Developed horse collar and ox-drawn plow
Major road building program


Chinas EventsZhou to Qin
Zhou dynasty succeeds Shang Ca. 1000 BCE
Warring Statesrival states towards end of Zhou
State of Qin, under Shi Huangdi, united all states
(Began 221 BCE)
Massive construction projects; compulsory labor and
loss of life
Public disapproval; Shi Huangdis death prompted huge
rebellion; Qin ended 206 BCE
Chinas EventsHan Dynasty
Liu Bang took power in 206 BCE, after Qin
Emperor Wu started Han expansion (ruled 140 to
87 BCE)
South->Vietnam; East->Manchuria, N. Korea; West-
>Mongolia
Capital moved from Changan to Luoyang (9 CE to
23 CE)
Han ended in 220 CE; political disunity until Sui
(6
th
century)
Indias EventsMaurya and Gupta
Migrations to fertile Ganges plain (1000 BCE)
Aryas (Indo-European) push Dasas (Dravidian) into
south-central region
After 326 BCE, Greek rule fell in Punjab, Mauryans
took power
Conquest of entire peninsula, except southern tip
Maurya ended 184 BCE, Bactrian and Kushan
people took over
Chandra Gupta united empire under Gupta
Empire (320 CE)Golden Age

Southeast Asias Events
By 1000 BCE, Malay people inhabited islands;
ocean navigational skills
N. Indochina came under Chinese
control (111 BCE to 939 CE)
Funan region flourished w/ surplus of rice
extensive sea trade (100s BCE to 600s CE)
Geography - Map
South Asian Major Cities, Land
Features, and Bodies of Water
Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal
Himalayas, Deccan Plateau, Ganges & Indus
Rivers
Hindu Kush, Thar Desert
Delhi, Mathura, Pataliputra, Sanchi
South Asian Natural Resources
Metals: Copper, Tin
Rice, Wheat, Grains Fields,
Fertile Soil (Valleys and Deltas)
Abundant Trees and Plants, Rain Forest
Fish, Rivers, Seas
Trade/Migration Routes
Silk Road, Indian Ocean
Hindu Kush, Khyber Pass
Use of Monsoon Winds
Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal
Ganges/ Indus Rivers


East Asia Geography and
Resources
Silk Road = major trade route
Rice, wheat, copper, iron, etc.
Changan, Luoyang, Shandong
South China Sea, Huang He River
Mekong River, Yangtze River, Gobi Desert

600-1450 Asia
Saloni Doshi
Arulita Gupta
Political: Leaders
Tang Empire: Li
Shimin
Delhi Sultanate:
Sultan Iltutmish,
Rajiya: (Female
leader)
Mongolia: Genghis
Khan followed by
Khan Ogodei
Ming Empire: Zhu
Yuanzhang

Type of Government
Tang China: Sui
governing
practices
Song China:
Neo-
Confucianism
Japan:
Confucianism
Vietnam:
Confucianism

Type of Government Continuted
Malacca (Southeast
Asia): Monarchy
India: Monarchy
(sultan aided by prime
ministers)
Mongolia: Khan
political council,
political federations
Japan: Shoguns
Jobs People Had
Vietnam: Rice
planting
Delhi sultanate:
Farming
China: Farming,
government
positions
Southeast Asia:
Farming
Trade/Goods
Southeast Asia:
rubies, musk, tin,
gold, cloves, nutmeg
Delhi Sultanate:
cotton textiles, indigo,
ebony
Vietnam: rice-based
agriculture
Northeast Asia: silk,
rice, millet, wheat
China: silk, rice

Social and Cultural: Family
Structure
Tang, India, Korea-
Patriarchal
Japan- warrior clans
Annam- Women and
Men Equal
Mongols- Mixed
structure
South East Asia-
mixed




Social and Cultural: Gender
Roles
Tang- Male leaders except
Zhao (Bodhisattva)
Delhi Sultanate- Male
Sultans except Raziya
Women- Sati, Foot
Binding, Family
Men- Trade, Specialized
Tasks
Annam- Women high
status




Social and Cultural: Religions
Tang Empire: Chan (Zen)
Buddhism
Tang Empire - Neo
Confucianism
India- Hinduism, Jainism,
Buddhism
India under Delhi
Sultanate- Islam
Mongols- Spread
Christianity and Islam




Social and Cultural:
Philosophies/Thinking/Education
Tang- Confucian
examinations
Delhi Sultanate- Islamic
Schools and Sufis
Yuan- Engineering,
Mathematics, Astronomy,
Literature
Korea- Hangul Writing on
movable type
Mongol- warfare techniques


Social and Cultural: Social Classes

India- Caste System
Japan- Warrior
castes
Delhi Sultanate-
Muslims above
Hindus
Tang- Confucianism
above Buddhism
and Foreigners
Monetary Classes



Social and Cultural: Arts and
Sciences
Song- Celestial Clock,
Junks, Compass,
Gunpowder
Tang, Ming- Porcelain
Japan- Architecture and
Gardens
India- Hindu-Muslim
Architecture, Carved
Ivory
India- Spinning Wheel

Technology: Major Innovations
Mongols: Catapults,
Horseback, Superior
Bow
Tang- Textiles,
oceangoing vessels
Song: Fractions,
calendars, Movable
Type
Korea: Woodblock
Printing, Calligraphy
Delhi Sultanate-
Spinning Wheel


Technology: Agricultural
Innovations
China- Water
Wheels, Plows
Champa- Champa
Rice
Tang- Grand Canal
Tang- Advanced
Flour Grinding
Machines



Technology: Industrilization
Tang- Gunpowder
builds industry
Tang- Cities divided in
quarters
Song- Flying Money
Delhi Sultanate- Trade
Korea- Movable Type

Events: Disease
China: bubonic
plague
Southeast
Asia: bubonic
plague
Mongolia:
bubonic
plague

Events: Natural Disaster
China: Yellow River flooding
Japan: Tsunamis
Delhi Sultante: Monsoons

Discoveries/Imperialism:
India
1298: Gujurat
annexed
1336-1565:
Vijaynagar Empire
founded and ruled

Discoveries/Imperialism:
Mongolia
1271: Founding of
Yuan Empire
1368: Ming Empire
Founded
Migrations
Mongols spread
throughout Asia
Middle Eastern
migrations into
India

Geography: Asia 600-1450

Geography: Major Features
Himalayas
China- Yellow
River
India- Delhi
China-
Changan
Indian Ocean

Geography: Natural Resources
India- Spices, Indigo,
Ivory, Gold, Silver
China- Silk
South East Asia-
Cloves, Tin, Nutmeg
Korea- Cotton




Geography: Trade and Migration
Mongols- Beijing with
Middle East
Silk Road
Indian Ocean Trade-
Gujarat, Malabar,
Malacca
Mongol Migrations
throughout the world
Japanese Trade with
China and Korea

Asia 1450 1750
Aino Rainio & Anna Lin
Politics Leaders
(Ming) Zhu Yuanzhang warlord; helped
expel Mongols
Emperor Yongle sponsored Zhenghes
expeditions
(Qing) Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng,
Emperor Qianlong expanded borders
Ieyasu Tokgawa founded Tokugawa
Shogunate


Akbar Ruler of Mughal India
Cooperation between Hindus and Muslims
Outlawed Sati
Control over northern and central India
Established a bureaucracy
Patronized the arts
Politics Govt
Ming Dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang
Qing Dynasty - created by Manchus
Tokugawa Shogunate
Mughal India/ Dynasty




Economics
China closed to foreigners, missionaries
allowed
Japan closed when threatened Tokugawa
authority
Silk Road trade declined
Silk, porcelain, tea, paper, silver
Zheng He to impress, not trade
Economics (cont.)
Expensive to defend Chinas big borders
Merchants rise in Japan
Peasant farmers
Gentry class in China
Samurai class in Japan

Economics (cont.)
Mughal Indias big borders
Cleared forests for rice cultivation
Indian ocean trade
Social/Cultural Family Structure
Patriarchal society
Parents preferred males over females
Lowest status in family young bride
Social/Cultural Gender Roles
(Qing Dynasty) Sons welcomed; girls were
liabilities
Sons could take civil service exams
Widows encouraged to commit suicide
(Mughal) women treated better
Women = patron of arts
Social/Cultural - Religions
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
Christianity Jesuit missions
Buddhist & Confucian scholars resented
Jesuits


Social/Cultural
Philosophies/Thinking/Education
Confucianism Neo Confucianism
Civil service exams based on Confucianism
Seppuku ritual suicide (Japan)
Govt position = social benefits for family
Foot binding (China)

Social/Cultural Japan Social Classes
Emperor- ruled in name only
Shoguns- military ruler
Daimyo lords of provinces
Samurai mounted warriors; served lords.
Social/Cultural China Social Classes
Dynastic family
Privileged classes
Peasants
Artisans
Merchants

Social/Cultural Mughal Social Classes
Peasants, Artisans, Merchants, Pastorals
Encouraged widow remarriage
Discouraged child marriage
Outlawed sati
Discouraged female seclusion


Social/Cultural Arts and Sciences
Great Wall of China
Taj Mahal
Technology
Jesuits brought new technologies- Dutch
learning
Junks and compass in China
Astronomy
Chinese dikes, dams, irrigation in disrepair
Dry season in India= good irrigation
Events War
Onin War (Japan) civil war; lasted 10
years
Warring States Period (Japan)
Events
Invasions/rebellions/revolutions
Manchus nomadic invaders
Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty

Events Natural Disasters
(1580 1640) monsoons fail (China)

Events Discoveries/Imperialisms
Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch controlled
Indonesia
Geography
Japan: islands, little
arable land
China: separated by
desert, mountains,
ocean
India: subcontinent,
many good ports
Geography (cont.)
Capitals: Nanjing, Beijing, Edo, Agra, Delhi
Silk Road and Indian
Ocean trade
China: tea, silk
Japan: few natural
resources
India: iron, rice
East Asia 1750-1915
Kathy Lin, Sharon Pyun, Xinwei Zeng
Politics
China under Qing
(Manchus) Sun Yatsen
overthrows
Japanese Tokugawa
shogunate had shoguns &
daimyos
Treaty of Kanagawa sparks
Meiji Restoration (emperors
& samurai rule)
Yamagata Aritomo (Japan
spheres of influence)
Empress Dowager (China)

Economics
Treaty of Nanjing trade
concessions Britain
European imperialism for trade
not colonies
Illegal opium trade causes
Opium War
Meiji Restoration starts
Japanese industrialization
zaibatsu
China Self-
strengthening movement
Social/Cultural
Japanese adopted Western metric system
& calendar
Buddhism and Confucianism was popular.
Chinese opium addiction affected family
responsibilities
Qing patriarchy & civil service
examination
Population explosions and
pollution in Japan
Technology
Perry expedition (1854) prompted Japans
industrialization.
State-sponsored railroads, steamships,
factories (Japan).
Toyoda Sakichi patented worlds
advanced automatic loom.


Events
Treaty of Nanking ends Opium
war (British trade expands)
White Lotus Rebellions &
Taiping Rebellion (Heavenly
Kingdom of Great Peace)
Boxer Rebellion- foreigners
expelled from China
Sino-Japanese War and
Russo-Japanese War fought
over Korea
Matthew Perry arrives in
Japan, sparks Industrial
Revolution



Geography
Spheres of
influence trading
privileges
Foreign trade port
cities
Opium trade with
Britain and India
Britain takes Hong
Kong
Japan imperialism
Korea, Taiwan
South Asia
1750-1914
Ernest Lai
Akshita Singh
Lavannya Atri
Politics
Independence movement began
Independence leaders: Gandhi, Nehru,
Bose
Government type (India): colony under
Britain
Economics
Under British imperial
control
East India Company
Labor union movement
Produced raw materials
for industrialized
countries
Cotton & tea: main
exports



Social/Culture
British held highest
social status
Indians were
discriminated
against
Indians forced to
learn British culture
British ended the
sati practice
Women given
education and more
rights

Technology
Largest railway
network in Asia
Steel and chemical
industries emerged
Handloom and
cotton innovations
Canals & railroads
built by British
Urbanization grew
exponentially
Events
British East India
Company rule ends: 1765
Sepoy Rebellion (1857):
mutiny of sepoys (troops)
1876: Queen Victoria
becomes Empress of
India
1st Meeting of Indian
National Congress: 1885
Famine (1896-97):
affected 62.4 million
Indians



Geography
Resources: wheat, cotton, tea, opium
Traded exclusively with British East India
Company
Indian Ocean to the south
Major cities: Mumbai, Calcutta

Southeast Asia,
1750-1914
Angela Lin
Elise Zhang
Jantine Yap
Political
Colonialism from Dutch,
British, French, etc.
Thailand remains
independent
European education leads
to nationalistic ideas
Emilio Aguinaldo:
unacknowledged Philippine
independence from Spain

Economical
Not industrialized
Dependence on
single cash crop
Singapore an
important trading
center
Agriculture production
increased

Social/Culture
Buddhism, Hinduism,
Islam, Christianity
religions
Sent scholars to Europe
and Russia
Puppetry, Shadow play,
Diverse traditional music
Diverse ethnic groups
Influenced by China,
India, Europe

Events
1782- Bangkok founded as Siam capital
1863- Cambodia becomes a French protectorate
1867- Singapore Straits Settlements British colony
1885- Burma becomes British India province
1902- US replaces Philippines military rule


Technology
Ride paddy agriculture
Metalwork and weaponry
Industrialization due to
French colonization

Geography
Phillipine, Andaman, South China, Java seas
On equator so has humid tropics
Divided: Mainland Southeast and Insular Southeast
Wet rice agriculture and swidden agriculture
Srivijaya tributary to China and trade
East Asia
1914-present
Kyle Murray
Rachel Walsh
Rachel Cannata
China- Communism under Mao favored
peasants
Chiang Kaisheks Guomindang fought
Mao before communism
Mao Zedong reformed with Peoples
Republic of China
Japan- Constitutional monarchy.
Emperors power insignificant
Power in Diet and popular sovereignty
Politics
ECONOMICS
China: Socialized, becoming more free enterprise.
People worked on collectivized farms.
North Korea: Communist with collective farms.
South Korea: Capitalist with free enterprise.
Japan: Industrialized after WWII, strong economically.
Communist nations isolationist. Others traded globally.
Social and Cultural Structure
Women slowly gained equality: Beijing Conference
Anime and other graphic novels popular
Shinto and Buddhism with Confucian
Ideologies
Biased education: Communist intellectuals
bad/Capitalists information good
Artistic stagnation/
push for scientific
supremacy
Technological Advances
Great Leap Forward: industrialization/ agricultural
collectivization ultimately failed
Advanced weaponry due to wars
Japanese zero planes, warships/carriers
Rapid Japanese industrialization post-Cold War -
electricity
Chinese exploration of nuclear power after Cold War
Events
1931 Yangtze River flood killed 3.7 million
1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War expelled
Japan from China
1939-1945 Japan in WWII as Axis power
1949 Mao Zedong overthrew Chiang
Kaisheck and Guomindag
1950-1953 Korean War- North Korea
invades South Korea: stalemate

GEOGRAPHY
Major Cities: Beijing,
Pyongyang, Seoul,
Tokyo.
Pacific Ocean, Sea of
Japan, East China
Sea
Gobi Desert,
Himalayas
Natural Resources:
Wood and petroleum
South Asia 1914-Present
Krishna Mehta,
Sahithi Solipuram,
Noyonika Hareesh
Politics
Democracy, Indian National Congress, All-India
Muslim League
Mohandas (Mahatma) Karamchand Gandhi,
Jawaharlal Nehru
Kashmir - Tensions between Muslims and
Hindus
August 15, 1957 India gained independence,
Pakistan created
1972- East Pakistan became independent
Bangladesh

Economics
Globalization greater trade across
globe
Jobs: farmers, workers, miners, peasants
labor distribution = caste system (India)
Exports: cotton, rice, sugar cane, tea
Imports: technology, oil, gems, chemicals
Social/Cultural
Religions: Hinduism, Islam,
Buddhism
Nonviolence (ahimsa),
search for truth
(satyagraha)
Rural Urban, population
increase, caste system
Languages: Hindi, Bengali,
Tamil, Gujarati, etc.
Discouraged
intermarriage/interactions
with different castes




Technology
Gandhi spinning wheel for clothes
Nuclear power
Computer
More industries = more jobs
Developing country, moving towards
modern era
Events
World Wars soldiers (sepoys) to Allies
Conflict in Kashmir continues today
Independence movements from British
imperialism
Periodic famines
April 13, 1919: Massacre at
Amritsar

Geography
Major Rivers: Ganges,
Brahmaputra, Indus
Major Environmental:
Hindu Kush, Himalayas,
Monsoons, Khyber Pass
Natural Resources: Tea,
Rice, Millet, Jute, etc.
South Asian Free Trade
Agreement: Free trade for
countries
Pakistan formed: Hindus
India, Muslims Pakistan



South East Asia
1914 Present

SeungBo Choi
Min Suk Kim
Jason Lee


Political
Ho Chi Minh, most well known Vietnamese
leader.
Brought Vietnam into the Cold War
Most common Southeast Asian
government: Communist
Under Japanese control during WW

Economy
Singapore was part of the Asian Tigers
Had convict workers from different
countries
Exports cocoa, soy, and wild animals
Have rice planters, teachers, and
merchants

Social and Cultural
Islam and Buddhism
End of Confucian thinking and
education
Women equal rights but discrimination
Unique local cultures

Technology
Helicopters first used in Vietnam War
Industrialization newly industrialized
economies (NIE)
Rice and Rubber
Industrialization/innovation



Events
Vietnamese War 1955-1975, North won
against South.
Agent Orange a biochemical weapon
stopping production
Tsunami in Indonesia at 2004
End of Japanese rule 1945

Geography
Indian Ocean is a major economic source
Natural resources include rubber, rice,
timber.
Includes mainland and islands
Thousands of islands
Seasonal monsoons

AMERICAS:
Latin and North
The Americas
8000 BCE-1000 BCE
Katelyn Goodroe and Carishma
Chinoy
Political Leaders
Olmecs led by chiefs
Shamans and healers influenced Olmec
rulers
Pre-Classic Maya ruled by hereditary ruler


Political Structure

Olmecs had hierarchical society
Maya civilization=city-states and
ceremonial centers
Maya politics rise with villages



Olmec Economics
Long-distance trade networks
Slash and burn agriculture
Gardens kept near homes
Wild food sources near dwellings
Maize cultivation was major
Olmec Resources/Exports
Domestication of corn, beans, and squash
Manioc was a major food source
Interregional exchange for obsidian and
pottery
Used salt, cacao, clay, and limestone
Crafts made from jade


Olmec Occupations
Farmers produced surplus
Specialization of crafts, merchant class
Religious and authoritative positions
Collective labor pool conducted by elite
Artisans that decorated buildings
Pre-Classic Mayan Economics
Originally nomadic hunter-gatherers
Pre-classic Mayans-transition to
agricultural villages
Diet of maize, fish, and meat
Basic pottery
Slash and burn agriculture
Family Structure
Americas lived by patriarchal family order.


Gender Roles
Mayan men hunted and farmed. Women
cooked.


Religion
Olmecs built pyramids and temples.
Polytheistic. Deities both male and
female.
Human/ animal characteristics blended.
Rulers associated with Jaguar.






Philosophies/Thinking/Education
1
st
writing system
Shamans and healers gave advice on rain
periods.

Social Classes
Societies were separated with class
distinctions
Elite class and rulers -> priests ->
commoners -> Slaves


Major Innovations
1
st
stages of Craft specialization.
Irrigation and drainage canals
Development of writing system.
Made calendars and aligned cities with
stars.
Origin of ball game.

Agricultural Innovations
Corn, beans, squash domesticated.
Farmers produced dependable food
surpluses.
Development of raised fields for farming.

Events
No recorded diseases
No recorded
invasions/rebellions/revolutions
No major migrations
But built cultural centers near rivers
War
Jade swords found in Olmec sites
No knowledge of major warfare
Possible skirmishes between cultures and
civilizations
Natural Disasters
No specific events
Around 6000 BCE, warmest period
Temperatures made event memorable:
Thermal Maximum
Regional Geography

Pre-Classic Maya Geography
Map of main archaeologic sites of
preclassic Mayan civilization
Olmec Geography
Bodies of Water
Along Gulf of Mexico
San Lorenzo on Coatzacoalcos River
La Venta on Tonala River
Tres Zapotes on Palaloapan River


Olmec Urban Centers
San Lorenzo main city until abandonment
La Venta became more important
Last center was Tres Zapotes
Centers-artificial platforms and dirt
mounds
Resources
corn, beans, and squash
Manioc
salt, cacao, clay, and limestone
Obsidian and jade

Latin America
1000 BCE 600 CE
Jason Kwon, Kazim Haider, Chris
Ahn
Politics - leaders
Kings none specifically known
Local chief or king dominance
Politics Govt Type/structure
Religious leaders = govt elites (Shamans)
Chavin de Huntar Chavin captial
Little known about Olmec govt structure
Economics trade/goods
Obsidian, jade, pottery
Corn, beans, squash
Cacao beans used as currency (Olmec)
Trade w/ Guatemala (Olmec)
coca, shells, textile (Chavin)
Economics labor systems
Low class = low-skill tasks
Chavin reciprocal labor organizations
Social - Religion
Polytheism- animism, male & female
deities
Chavin jaguar deity
Elaborate religious rituals (ball games, etc.)
Shamans
Large religious buildings
Social Classes
Shamans and healers (elites)
Priests direct religious life
Peasants at the bottom
Social arts & sciences
Ceremonial plazas
Pyramids
Mounds
Heads
Astronomy
Social gender role & family
Patriarchy (Upper class)
Men more rights
Men = Women (Low class)
Technology Major innovations
Olmec irrigation system
Chavin metallurgy, llama transportation
Technology Agricultural Innov.
Olmec manioc grown specifically
Olmec wetlands/floodplains used for
farmland
Chavin maize cultivation
Events Natrual Disasters
Frequent earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions
Events - Migration
Cities abandoned periodically
- Presumably after kings deaths
Collapse of La Venta (600 BCE)

Events - War
Chavin conquest (approx. 200 BCE)
Events Rebellions/Rev.
Chavin:
- Conquest -> Rebellion -> Fall of Chavin
Geography - cities
Olmec cities:
- San Lorenzo
- La Venta
- Tres Zapotes
Chavin city: Chavin de Huantar
Geography- Land Features
Chavin- Andes Mountains
Valley of Mexico
Forests: tropical, rain, and scrub.

Geography- Water Features
Gulf of Mexico
Lake Nicaragua
Lake Chapala

Geography- Natural Resources
Obsidian, quartz, jade (Central Mexico)
Cotton and manioc
Olmecs: cacao and vanilla
Chavin; salt and dyes
Americas 600 CE 1450 CE
Anu Rao and Vidisha Holsambre


Politics - Leaders
Mayans Ruled by a King
Toltecs Joint rule by two kings
Incans Pachacuti in 1438
Teotihuacan Kings / aristocratic families
Aztecs Monarch chosen by council


Politics Type of Government

Aztecs- large army and expansionist
Aztecs monarchy and council as well
Aztecs- Tribute system
Incas Expansionist, large army,
bureaucracy
Toltecs Military based government


Politics Type of government

Moche no actual government
North America no set ruler or
government
Teotihuacan mainly ruled by wealthy
families


Economics Labor Systems / Jobs
people had / base of economy

Americas all based on agriculture
Mayans Slaves
Aztecs people worked as merchants
Aztecs slaves and peasants
Inca women worked in fields


Economics Labor systems / Jobs
people had / base of economy

North America moundbuilders, anasazi,
hohokam agricultural
Incans mita labor system
Incans mining, builders
Maya/Aztecs/Incas Human labor


Economics Trade / Goods,
and Crops

Teotihuacan pottery and obsidian
Aztecs Maize, Beans, little trade
Mayans Maize, beans, squash
Moche Maize, beans, quinoa


Social/Cultural
Family structure: patriarchal, women
subordinate
Women: household, childbearing,
weaving, property rights
Men: agriculture, government, other skills
Classes: nobles, peasants, slaves
Elite-more influence
Social/Cultural
Clans: Aztec-calpulli, Inca- ayllus
Religion: Polytheistic, nature gods,
pyramids, mounds
Latin America: human sacrifices
(prisoners), bloodletting
North America: earthen mounds, pyramid
shape
Women: help agriculturally, some: political
influence.

Technology
Contributions: Math, science, writing
Arts: pottery, altars, sculptures, tools, bas-
reliefs
Innovations: calendars, hieroglyphics,
quipas, swidden agriculture
Agriculture: aqueducts, dikes, canals,
elevated fields
llamas; no wheel


Events
Toltec invaded, Aztec took over
Chimora-invaded, Incas took over
Teotihuacan, Maya- collapsed

Natural Disasters: Chaco Canyon drought
Moche: Earthquake, flooding, drought,
harsh weather
Migration: Aztecs central Mexico
Imperialism: Incans- Colombia to
Argentina




Events
Geography Map (600 CE 1450 CE)
Geography Map (600 CE 1450 CE)
Geography Map (600 CE 1450 CE)
Geography Major Cities, Land
features, Bodies of Water

Aztec- Capitals at Tenochtitlan and
Tlateloco
Toltecs Capital at Tula
Incans- Capital at Cuzco
Mayans Land overuse and
environmental abuse
Incans large cities built


Geography Major Cities, Land
features, Bodies of Water

South America- Pacific and Atlantic
oceans
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico
North America Mississippi and Ohio
rivers
North America Man made mounds
Cahokia
Hohokam Salt and Gila river valleys

Geography Natural Resources

Latin America: Obsidian
Agricultural Resources
Geography Trade and
Migration Routes
new roads built
Aztecs and Incas - Expansionist
Americas
1450 - 1750
Clarissa Chan, Priscilla Pun, and
Hareen Godthi
Politics
- Spain
Hernan Cortes conquered Aztec Empire
Francisco Pizzaro conquered Inca Empire
Council of Indies
Viceroys one in Mexico and Peru



Politics
- Portugal
Governor- general: viceroy of Brazil
- Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided territories between Spain and
Portugal
Spain (west) and Portugal (east)
Politics
- France : Canada
Jacques Cartier: first interested in America
Samuel de Champlain New France,
Quebec
- Dutch Manhattan Island (New York)


Politics
- Britain : colonies in North America
Virginia Company
Crown appointed governor, House of
Burgesses



Economics
To control Natives in American colonies
Encomienda: Indian land grants from Spain
Mita : forced labor in Peru
Repartamiento: restructured Encomienda that
provided pay
Indentured Servants

Economics
Traded gold and silver
To Spain and China
Columbian Exchange (between Eastern,
Western hemispheres)
East to West: rice, horses, sugarcane
West to East: tobacco, maize, potatoes

Economics
Jobs:
Planters, Investors, Fur Traders,Indentured
Servants

Economics
Atlantic Circuit (Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade)
Europe, America, and Africa
Fur Trade (with indigenous people)
Plantations

Religion
Mesoamerica
Polytheistic, pyramids, sacrifices, high
class priests
Religion
Christianity spread in Latin America
Catholicism combined with native
religions
Church ended repression of native
religions
Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws
Church redirected resources
universities, secondary schools

Religion
British colonists sailed to America
Protestant Christianity
Pilgrims disliked Church of England
Puritans wanted to abolish hierarchy
Quakers
Religion
Settlers in French Canada
Jesuits converted natives
Missionaries learned native
languages
Philosophies/thinking/revolutions
Mesoamerica
Kinship groups
Ancestors were honored
Ball game
Philosophies/thinking/revolutions
Spanish America
Columbian exchange
Encomienda, Mita- labor systems
Manumission
Tupac Amaru II
Philosophies/thinking/educatio
n
Brazil
Slaves (runaways called quilombos)
Society influenced by African culture
manumission

Philosophies/thinking/educatio
n
N. America
Discrimination against women and
Blacks
Immigration
Coureurs de bois

Social Classes
Mesoamerica
Large social divisions
Clans dominated social life
Elites separated from commoners by
lifestyle
Elite women were important


Social Classes
South America
Junta, Anti-slavery, abolitionists
Land owners had power and slaves
Creoles, mulattos, mestizos
Castas, Hidalgos, colonial elites



Social Classes
North America
Social hierarchy
Rich landowners
Plantocracy, slaves
Arts/Sciences
Latin America
Paintings of
Castas,
Languages mixed
Obsidian tools,
bas-reliefs, altars,
monoliths
Ceramic, pottery,
sculptures,
pictographs
Social/Cultural
Families : patriarchal, patrilineal
Women responsible for house and
children
Women control dowries and inherit
property
Lower class women worked in fields
Events
Disease
Smallpox, Malaria
1492- 1
st
voyage of Columbus
1535- Franciso Pizarro conquered Incas
Events
British America Discoveries:
1607- Jamestown
1620- Plymouth
1664- New York from Dutch
Events
French America Discoveries:
1608- Quebec
1699- Louisiana
Events
Spanish America Discoveries:
First silver strike in Mexico
1545- Richest silver deposit in Potosi
Events
Small battles (Indigenous Americans and
colonists)
Technology
- From Europe:
Water mills
Aqueducts
- Mercury amalgamation
Map
South America
North America
Major Cities/Land
Features/Bodies of Water
Salvador, Brazil
Mexico City, Mexico
Lima, Peru
Ports of Salvador, Rio de Janerio
Tenochtitlan, Tiwanaku, Wari, Cuzco
Major Cities/Land
Features/Bodies of Water
Virginia Colony
Carolinas Colony
Massachusetts Colony
New York Colony
Quebec

Major Cities/Land
Features/Bodies of Water
Andes, Pacific,
Atlantic, Amazon
Rockies,
Appalachians,
Great Lakes
Great Plains, river
systems, deserts
Natural Resources
Sugar, tobacco, cotton, dyes, obsidian
Timber, furs, livestock
European staple crops grown in Americas
Wheat, olives, grapes
Maize, potatoes, manioc, quinoa, beans,
squash
Trade and Migration Routes
Columbian exchange
Atlantic slave trade
Displacement of native peoples
Old World settlers migrated to Americas
Diverse populations
Latin America 1750-1914
Jaimie Shing, Brian Sykes, Austin
Webster
Politics
European colonial rule
was prevalent
Poor countries had
corrupt governments
Dealt with European
intervention and
imperialism
Revolutions produced
monarchies, republics,
and dictatorships
Revolutions did not
solve all problems

Economics
Involved in Trans-Atlantic slave trade (1750)
Free-Trade imperialism (economic dependence)
Export Raw materials, Import manufactured goods
Signed unequal trade treaties by U.S.
Involved in world economic expansion
Social/ Cultural
Cultural region by
Spanish-speaking heritage
Majority lived in poverty
and opression
Class structure=
Peninsulares Creoles
Mestizos/Mulattos
Indigenous
Women subordinated=
Restricted even in home
European missionary
influences (education)
Technology
Railroads connected
mines and
agricultural regions
Argentina Longest
rail network in L.A.
Suez and Panama
canals Improved
transportation
Benefited worldwide
technological
advance in travel

Events
Rebellions began in lower-
middle classes
Mexican, Haitian, & other
smaller Revolutions
Slave trade brought
European/ African
diseases
Spanish-American War
First slaves then
indentured servants
immigrated
Geography
Coffee beans, bananas,
minerals, & cotton
Amazon river/ rainforest,
Andes Mountains, & Lake
Titicaca
Most populous Mexico
City; Sao Paulo
Migration: Precolonial-
Europeans L.A.
Postcolonial- L.A.
Europe/U.S.
Coastal & tropical climates
North America (1750~1914)
Mexico & U.S.A & Canada
David Kim & Alex Park
Politics
All had period of colonialism
Later moved onto forms of democracy
Canadas first prime minister-Sir
Macdonald
Mexicos first leader after independence-
Iturbide
U.S.As first president -George
Washington

Economics
All had slavery of Africans
Agriculture prominent until Industrial
Revolution
Traded fur, cotton, grains and livestock
Often/frequently traded with each other
Mined copper, zinc, lead, coal & tin
Encouraged private accumulation of
wealth

Social/Cultural
Family structure focused on nuclear family
Jobs became more accessible to women
Primarily Christian although other religions
existed
Christianity inspired art, industrialization
inspired sciences
Free thinking and advanced education
encouraged
Vaguely defined lines of social classes
Technology
Industrial revolution led to mining booms.
Invested in railroads, canals, telegraphs.
Barbed wire/refrigeration=livestock
production
Steel production

Events
Mass immigration from Europe and Asia
Environmental damage caused by
industrialization
Revolutionary War (1775)
Spanish-American War (1898)



Geography
Mineral resources
(copper, zinc etc.)
Prominently over-sea
trading
Migration from
Europe across
Atlantic


Latin America
1914-Present
John Kwon, Matthew Le, Alykhan
Kaba
Politics
Juan Peron, Fidel Castro, Salvador
Allende, Getulio Vargas, Lazaro
Cardenas, Fulgencio Batista
Mostly authoritarian governments until
1980s
Democracy spread in late 1980s
Cuban Revolution put in communism
Economics
Indentured Workers, Hacienda, Wage
Labor
Industrial: textile, plantations, mining
Major trade goods: sugar, cotton, coffee
Mexico in NAFTA
Great Depression hits hard in economy
Mostly Catholic
Arts influenced by Spanish and
Portuguese
Women take care of family
First woman president in Argentina 1974
Men = moneymaker


Social/Cultural
Technology
Far behind in technology in medicine
Panama Canal connects Pacific to Atlantic
Import-substituting Industrialization
Events
Cuban Revolution, Cuban Missile Crisis
Infectious Epidemics such as Cholera
Sandinistas Nicaraguan Revolutionary
Group
1914 1/3 population was foreign born.
Earthquake natural disaster in Chile
Geography
Migrations from Latin America to USA
Atlantic Ocean Trade with Europe
Amazon River and Rainforest
Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Lima, Havana.
Natural resources: coal, silver, timber, gold
1914 present
North America
Willa Tseng
Albina Kwak
Jason Kim
Politics
Canada: parliamentary democracy after
Balfour Declaration (1926)
US: Wilson (WWI), Truman (WWII)
US: F.D. Roosevelt during Depression
US: G.W. Bush (attacked Afghanistan and
Iran)
Mexican Revolution: Madero,
Diaz, Zapata, Villa

Economics
Great Depression/ recession; boomed
after WWII
Capitalism, NAFTA, OCED, G8
High/above average GDP; fairly wealthy
Retailing, Energy, Agriculture,
Manufacturing, Financing
Dollar bills, pesos, Canadian bills
Social
Primarily Christian or
Catholic
Women entered work life
after WWII
Public education provided
by government
Mostly composed of
middle class families
Women suffrage: US-
1920 ; Canada-1916
Technology
U.S. Apollo 13 on moon (1969)
Commercial household items; eased
womens lives
Improved healthcare/ medicine; systematic
dependable agriculture
Iron/steel boom (U.S.); Mexican oil
Automobiles, airplanes, universities;
bombs; COMPUTERS 1950s


Events
US joins WWI in 1917
Pearl Harbor attack
(1941); US joins WWII
1965-1973 Vietnam War;
1990-1991 Persian Gulf
War
Obregon overthrew
Caranza (1920); Mexican
Banking Crisis (1995)
2001: September 11

Geography
Cities: NY, Washington DC, Mexico City,
Toronto, Ottawa
Land features: Niagra Falls, Grand
Canyon, Rocky Moutains
Natural resources: oil, coal
Atlanta= biggest transportation hub of US
EUROPE
EUROPE
(8000bce-1000bce)
POLITICS

(including Russia)
Cathy Chen, Minjee Kim
POLITICS
Minoan
Centralized government
King Minos
Monarchist Power
Palace: for government and administration
office

POLITICS
Mycenaean Greece
Government controlled grain production,
wool industry
king: military, judicial, religious duties
Assistant-king: Leader of army
Court determined territorial administration
Council of Elders: ruled districts
Economy Minoan Crete
Pottery exported to Mediterranean/Middle East
Exported slaves, weapons, olive oil, etc.
Imported amber, ivory, grain, and metals

Mycenaean Greece - Economy
Centralized economy
Simple jobs (farming and shepherding)
Gained power with trade and piracy
Arranged grain agriculture and wool
production
Mycenaean Greece - Economy
Exported: wine, olive oil, slaves, weapons
Imported: amber, ivory, grain, and metals
Mycenaean Greece - Cultural
Mycenaeans borrowed Minoan writing system
Adopted Minoan technique of architecture
Frescoes with war scenes and life
Linear B gives information about life
Similar techniques of buildings and art
Social/Cultural
Mycenaean Greece
Ruled by Warrior Aristocracy
Two classes: kings entourage/ people
Worshipped multiple deities
Womens role: child care
Social/Cultural
Minoans
Women in headdresses represent fertility
goddesses
Family: strong single unit
Theory: men and women were equal
Objects had religious meaning
Had religious rituals
Social/Cultural
Minoans
Believed in deities
Believed in demons
Matriarchal: female goddess
Technology
Mycenaean
Linear B (clay tablets)
Shaft graves
Bronze metallurgy
Palaces
Beehive-shaped tomb



Technology
Minoan
monumental building
bronze metallurgy
recordkeeping
System of writing
Events
Collapse of Mycenaean and
Minoan
Mycenaean: Dorian invasion or natural
disasters
Minoan: Volcanic eruption and earthquake
Minoan had Dorian Invasion
Mycenaean: revolt from leaders
Industrialization in Mycenaean
and Minoan
Mycenaean: Organized work force
Mycenaean: Men worked on specialized
jobs
Minoans: artisans in palace
Minoans: produced large amounts of oil

Natural Resources
Olive trees
Grain
Grapevines

Bodies of Water and Cities
Sea of Crete
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea
Cities: Cnossus, Mycenae, Pylos


































































Land Features
Balkan Mountains
Carpathian Mountains
Apennines
Danube River
Ural Mountains
Migration
Crete migrated from Egypt and Sicily
Trade Routes
Minoans/Mycenaeans
Imported gold from Sinai mines
Imported pretty stones from Cretan mines
Imported copper from Cyprus
Imported tin from Asia Minor
Imported silver from Sicily

Trading stations in Aegean Islands

Europe 1000 BCE 600 CE
Mathew Pattillo
Madeline Evans
Rohil Prathap
Roman Politics
Romans: a republic
Senate and Assembly
Turned authoritarian rule under caesars
Triumvirate 1
st
- Pompey, Crassus, Julius
Caesar
Twelve Tables of Rome
Barbarians in rest of Europe



Greek Politics
Greek city states: polis
Athens: first democracy
Kings ruled, then councils
Other polis ruled by tyrants
Oligarchy emerged
Roman Economics
Romans conquered land -> money and wealth
Taxed peasants and farmers
Agricultural production from peasants to
latifundia
Latifundia- large estates,
subsidized farming
Wealth concentrated in cities
Council, merchants, slaves
Greek Economics
Poor resources- grain/ores
Drawn to sea trade-metals/lumber
Creation of coins increased trade
Slavery
Farmers served as soldiers-hoplites
Traders, craftsmen, politicians, artisans,
businessmen

Roman Social/Cultural
Pater familias- eldest male house leader
Women influence in family not publically
Women inferior to men
Patricians, plebians, slaves



Roman Social/Cultural
Numina-spiritual forces, early Romans
Polytheism based on Greek mythology
Christianity Constantine promoted
Arches and statues

Greek Social/Cultural
Athens-cultural center
Sparta-agricultural and military
Spartan boys and girls military education
Free people no political rights
Noncitizens-1/3 of population, no rights
Citizens- adult males
Greek Social/Cultural
Use of pillars in architecture
Illiad and Odyssey
Philosophical thinkers: Socrates, Archimedes,
Aristotle
Herodotus first history|
Polytheism Greek Mythology, Zeus, Olympia

Roman Technology
Invention of arches/domes in architecture
Aqueducts to carry clean water
Concrete in construction
Ballistic weapons
System of latifundia
Extensive road networks
Greek Technology
Hoplite battle formations
Trireme boats
Coinage
Use of pillars in architecture
Greek Alphabet based language

Greek Events
Persian wars invaded Greece
Peloponnesian war Athens v Sparta
Plague of Athens, then Athens defeated
Alexander the Great conquers to India
Greek culture flourished in Hellenistic Age
Taken over by Romans


Roman Events
Punic Wars (three)- first enemy Carthage
Gained Greece, North Africa, Spain,
Persia
Fall of the Republic, rise Principate
Adoption of Christianity into empire
Pax romana golden age of peace
Empire falls inflation, govt., invasion,
overcrowding


Roman Geography
Roman Geography
Geographically well situated
Access to land and sea trade routes
[Africa, Palestine, Greece, Iberian
Peninsula]
Rome major city, other cities copies
Timber, grapes, grain, metals, abundant
resources
Mediterranean, Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian
Seas
Greek Geography
Greek Geography
Poor natural resources- imported grains
Exported wine and olives
Mild weather and climate
Proximity sea/ mountainous terrain sea
trade
Athens, Sparta, Ithaca, Thebes
Aegean, Ionian Seas
Europe 600-1450 CE
Santul Bapat
Abhay Aluri
Lily Zhang

Politics: Leaders
Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe
Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe
Rise of Ottoman Empire scares
Europeans
William the Conqueror in England
William forced vassals to obey monarch

Politics: Leaders cont.
King Henry VIII(Church of England)



Charlemagne- conquered large portion of
Europe
Church/Pope had political power

Politics: Type of Government
Feudalism prevalent
in early Middle Ages
Limits on monarchy in England
King John signed Magna Carta
English Parliament established-House of
Commons/Lords
Types of Government cont.
Emergence of centralized
governments/nation-states
Church/Monarchs compete for political
power
German princes selected Prince of
Germans
Pope crowned Holy Roman Emperor
Economics Labor Systems
Trade declined and manorialism/feudalism
started
Nobles/lords: owned manors
Vassals: military service for fiefs
Serfs: lowest ranked, worked the land
Self-sufficient; three-field system
Economics Jobs people had
Nobles/lords, vassals, serfs
Burghers: middle-class merchants
Guilds: craft specialists/merchants,
apprentices
Nonguild: textile, food, beverage
industries/trade
Wealthy merchant-bankers
Economics Trade/goods
Indian Ocean trade
Hanseatic League: trade monopoly
northern Europe
Wool, honey, salt, copper, tin, animals
Paid East with gold/silver, unbalanced
Paris and Italian city-states grew

Social/Cultural: Family Structure
Peasants: everyone worked
Men and women had different roles
Poor children uneducated
Wealthy: had workers/peasants to do work
Wealthy children often educated

Social/Cultural: Gender Roles
Women were subordinate
Women cared for children
Men were the bread-winners
Women didnt usually receive education
Men wielded more power




Social/Cultural: Religion
Christianity was main religion;
Monasticism
Martin Luther starts Protestant
Reformation
Henry VIII: Church of England
Catholicism remains in Italy
Great Western Schism: Orthodox vs.
Catholic


Religion (cont.)
Muslims and Jews in Spain
Crusades: against Muslims
Pope: wielded considerable power
Eastern Europe: Orthodox Churches
Social/Cultural: Intellectual
Widespread literacy in Byzantine Empire
Dark Ages: little education and
technological advancements
Humanism movement
Scholasticism- attempt to combine
faith/reason

Social/Cultural: Social Classes
Byzantines: aristocracy had most power
Russia: mostly peasants, backwards
W. Europe: Feudalism prevails in Middle
Ages
Nobles were rich, peasants were
impoverished
Arts and Sciences
Byzantines: many artistic/cultural
achievements
Dark Ages: little artistic achievement
Renaissance: just after dark ages
Significant artistic revival
Donatello, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc



Technology Major innovations
Gothic architecture (cathedrals)
Printing press, movable type, new ink
Oil paints
Modern universities: granted degrees,
advanced teaching
Eastern astrolabe, caravel, compass
improve sailing

Technology Agricultural
innovations
Moldboard plow: turn heavy sod
Iron horseshoes, horse collar
three-field system: crop rotation
Water wheels, windmills. Iron mining



Technology - Industrialization
Cities grew, still smaller than China
Number of serfs declined
Agricultural surplus led to job
specialization
Events: War
Crusades: Christian Holy War against
Muslims
Hundred years war: England vs. France
Events: Disease
Black Plague killed many people
30%-60% of European population died
Some believed plague was Gods
punishment
Events:
Invasions/Rebellions/Revolutions
European Crusaders invade Muslim lands
Portuguese invade Muslims in Spain
Iberian Peninsula unified
Decline of Byzantine Empire
Events: Natural Disasters
1356 Basel Earthquake, huge damage
Great Famine in Europe, 1315-1317
Events: Discoveries/Imperialism
Many technological discoveries in the
Renaissance
Mechanical clocks, gunpowder, and
printing press
Events - Migrations
Hun caused people to move west
Viking invasionsNormandy to
Mediterranean
Caused feudalism for protection
West move to East for farmland

Geography
Geography: Cities, Land Features,
Bodies of Water
Cities: Constantinople, Paris, Cordoba,
London, Rome, Moscow
Major Mountain Ranges: Alps, Pyranees,
Ural
Rivers: Thames, Danube, Volga, Rhine,
Seine
Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Black Sea
Atlantic Ocean


Natural Resources
Coal: major resource in England
Livestock, Crops, mainly agricultural
resources
Northern Areas: timber, furs, tar

Geography: Trade Routes
Geography: Trade Routes
(cont.)
Baltic: furs, timber, tars, skins
England: wool, textiles, coal
France: salt, wine
S. Europe: fruits, wine, oils
Asia/Middle East: luxury goods, spices

Geography: Trade Routes
(cont.)
Constantinople: major trade hub with Asia
Italy & Germany: encouraged/financed
trade

Geography: Migration Routes
Europe
1450-1750
Hannah Choi
&
Hailin Liu
&
Kevin Colton
Politics: Leaders
England: Tudors, Stuarts
Spain: Habsburg, Bourbon
France: Valois, Bourbon
Russia: Rurik Dynasty, Tsars: Romanov

Politics: Government
Major Countries: Spain, England, France
Powerful Monarchies (Western Europe)
Tsar (Russia)
Aristocracy/Nobles have power

Mercantilism
Prosperity of Economy based on State
International trade unchangeable
Export > import -> prevent deficit
Began: Elizabethan Era (1558-1603)
Wealth = Monetary Assets

Social/Cultural: Family Structure
Relatively late marriage age
Adoption of nuclear family
Husband-wife relations = important
Marriage linked to property
Birth control limited overcrowding
Social/Cultural: Gender Roles
Gendercide occurred- witch hunts
Patriarchal- Man head of family
Could choose own spouses
Upper Class women received education
Women- obedient to husband/father
Social/Cultural: Religions
Protestant-Catholic conflict
End of Christianity Unity- East-West
Schism
Tolerance Acts- Freedom of Religion
Promoted growing literacy rates
Religious wars- (English Civil War)

Social/Cultural:
Philosophies/thinking/education
Renaissance- cultural movement-
resurgence of learning
Humanist World View- (everyday life)
Printing Press- distribution of literature
Works of Ancient Roman/Greek returned
English Civil War -> European
Enlightenment
Social/Cultural: Social Classes
The rise of the bourgeoisie
Growth in gap between rich and poor
Nobility and Serfs- 2 main classes (East)
Bourgeoisie- alliances with monarchs
Marriage alliances werent as prevalent



Social/Cultural: Arts and
Sciences
Renaissance art- rebirth of ancient
traditions
Architecture-Gothic and Baroque
Printing Press led to vernacular languages
Rise of Greek Literature
Scientific Revolution- Greek/Roman
influences

Technology: Major Innovations
Silver-mining and smelting -> mining
booms
developments in cartography and
navigation
Used previous knowledge-classical
Islamic/Asian countries
New innovations: Astrolabs, Caravels

Technology: Agricultural
innovations
new methods- Swamp drainage, nitrogen-
fixing crops
New World Crops -increased food
Potato cultivation- improved food supplies
Improvement of irrigation and canals
Cash crops



Technology: Industrialization
Technology in weaving industry -> mass
production
Household production of textiles spread
Guilds
Early Capitalism = Proto-industrialization
Increasing use of iron


Events: War
Religious Wars (Ottoman, German,
French)
War of Spanish Succession (Spain)
Thirty Years War (Germany)
Great Northern War (Russia)
Diseases
Gonorrhea more common
Smallpox
Typhus
Measles
Influenza

Invasions/Rebellions/Revolution
Protestant Reformation new Christian
Religions
Counter-Reformations
Scientific Revolution natural causes
Enlightenment social behavior laws
Discoveries/ Imperialism
New World
G.B.- American Colonies
France Canadian Colonies
Spain- Western North America & South
America
Portugal- East South America

Migration
European powers (nobles/workers) -> New
World
Famine -> migrated to food
Religious Freedom Protestants ->New
World

Events: Natural Disasters
Famine + natural disasters -> witch hunts
Geography
Geography Continued
Amsterdam- Amsterdam Exchange
Atlantic Ocean- trade with Americas
Iberian Peninsula- sea exlploration
Mediterranean sea- Portuguese/Ottoman
trade

Natural Resources
Exploited natural resources from Americas
Russia- fur
Most export from New World


Trade/Migration Routes
Columbian Exchange
Trans-atlantic slave routes
European Migration to American colonies
Labor Systems
European Colonies in Americas
Dutch- started joint stock companies
Eastern Europe- serfdom
Decline in slaves- now in Americas
Jobs People Had
City- trade, manufacturing, finance
Merchants
Netherlands- textile workers, join stock
exchange
Trade/Goods
Columbiran Exchange- East/West
hemispheres
Trans-Atlantic Slave trade- triangular trade
Export- manufactured goods, guns
Import- Sugar, molasses, rum
France/England- bourgeoisie dominated
trade
Europe, 1750-1914
Judy Oh, Shuchi Goyal, Irene Lin
Politics
Napoleon caused misbalance of
power
Western Europe: Constitutional
monarchies (France first)
Russian government little change,
tsar/tsarina
Bismarck (Prussia) united German
states
Western Europe imperialism created
tension
European Economy, 1750-
1914
Major nations colonized; policies of mercantilism
Railroads used to transport goods
Mass production/assembly line increased output
New methods produced steel and textiles
Serfdom ended in Eastern Europe
Social Aspects of Europe, 1750-1914
Womens social standing increased in Western Europe
Child labor laws created
Urbanization crowded cities and Social Darwinism theory
Modern arts movements (cubism, impressionism, abstract)
Russification conversion of Russians to Orthodoxy
Technology
England started Industrial Revolution (steam engine,
steel)
East imported machinery from West
First mass production of textiles, etc.
East more engineering and science (Germany)
Chemical industry (explosives, drugs, dyes, fertilizers)


Events in Europe, 1750-1914
French Revolution Congress of Vienna
Unification of Italian and German states
Colonial powers lost colonies to revolutions
Industrial Revolution, late Enlightenment period
Crimean war between French, British, Ottomans

European Geography, 1750-
1914
Germany, Italy
still in small
states
Congress of
Vienna helped
set borders
Europe
controlled long-
distance trade
Non-
industrialized
nations
colonized for
raw materials
Important
natural
resources:
cotton, sugar,
rubber
Europe: 1914-Present
Caveen Datta
Ryan Bhuiyan
Anusha Vemuri
Political
Lenin/Stalin Regime in
Soviet Union
Iron Curtain Soviets
Communist control
Winston Churchill Britain,
Hitler and Nazis Germany
Mussolinis Fascism Italy
Soviet collapse Gorbachev
resigns


Economics
Capitalism- Western
Europe, Socialism-
Eastern Europe
Soviet Union- Highly
Industrialized
War decimated
economy- Marshall
Plan helped
Industrialization
opened factory jobs
Weaponry- traded
popularly




Social/Cultural
Status of women
exponentially increased
Major educational
institutions established
Christianity retained
dominance
Propaganda utilized to
sway population
Populations
skyrocketed
Technology
Antibiotics, clean
water, immunization
= longer life
Weaponry: Nuclear
bombs, tanks etc.
Computer- major
asset to society
Space exploration
Sputnik
Genetic Engineering-
Increased
agricultural yield

Events
World War I and II
Treaty of Versailles-
After WW1
Holocaust- Hitlers
genocide
Decolonization- End
of the Imperialistic
Age
Fall of Berlin Wall-
Soviet Bloc declined
Geography
Cities: Berlin, London, Paris, Rome, Stalingrad
Oil, Textiles, Manufactured goods, Agriculture
Coal, Iron, Tea, Timber, Potatoes
Migrations to developed nations
Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Red Sea,
Black Sea


Present Day
THE END!!!