ANALYSIS & TESTING

OF
FUEL OIL
LUB OIL
INSULATING OIL
&
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF OILS USED IN
POWER PLANT
FUEL OIL

LUBRICATING OIL

FIRE RESISTANT FLUID

INSULATING OIL or TRANSFORMER
OIL
FUEL OIL
FUEL OILS BEING USED AT POWER STATIONS

- LDO

- HSD

- FO (FURNACE OIL)

- LSHS (LOW SULPHUR HEAVY STOCK)
LDO & HSD
LOW VISCOSITY
LOW FLASH POINT
COSTLY
NO NEED OF HEATING
NO STEAM REQUIRED
CV ~10720 KCAL/KG
IDEAL FOR STARTING OF BOILER FROM
COLD
FURNACE OIL
MUCH HIGHER VISCOSITY THAN LDO OR HSD

REQUIRES HEATING AT THE TIME OF UNLOADING &
PUMPING

PREHEATING UPTO 110 DEGC FOR USE

BETTER ATOMISED WITH STEAM

COMPARATIVELY CHEAPER THAN LDO & HSD

CV ~ 10270 KCAL/KG

**LSHS- HIGHLY VISCOUS, CHEAPER THAN FO
Parameters Monitored of Fuel oil
Standard: IS 1593/1971, Grades: LV-MV-HV

API gravity: 12 sp. 0.986 at 15 degc

Viscosity- 80-120-370 cst at 50 degc

Flash point- 66 degC (min)

Pour point


FO Monitoring
GCV: 10270 kcal/kg

Total Sulphur : 3.5-4.0-4.5% by weight

Water Content

Ash content

Sediments

FUNCTIONS OF FO
Coal fired units contains oil burners having
capacity of 15-20%

Ignition energy to light off coal burners

Stabilization of coal flame at low loads

Safe and reliable heat input source during
light up of boiler

PROPERTIES OF LUB OIL TO BE CHECKED
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY: The Redwood
viscometer determines the time usually
expressed in sec required for a standard
volume of oil to flow through a standard
orifice at specified pr. & temp.

Kinematic viscosity= const. x time
Moisture content: By Crackle test or
by Karl Fischer titration method

Mechanical Impurities: A fixed
volume of oil is dissolved in a solvent like
Toluene or Pet. Ether and passed through
pre weighed 45 micron filter paper.
MI is determined from difference in weight
Foaming Characteristics
Copper strip corrosion
Emulsion Characteristics
Cloud and pour point
Acidity
Oxidation Characteristics
Flash point
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING OIL
TO BE CHECKED
LIMIT OF DIFFERENT LUBE OIL
S.No Equipment Stage Name of
oil
Moisture
(ppm)
MI
(ppm)
Viscosity
(cst)
1 MOT/BFP/
ID/FD
I SERVO
PRIME-32
150 50 27.6-36.3

2 PA FAN I SP-68 150 50 60.8-79.2
3 CT
FAN/ASPH
I SERVO
SYSTEM-121
200 500 118-124
4 MILL GEAR
HOUSING
I SERVO
MESH SP-
320
1000 0.1% 320-350
LIMIT OF DIFFERENT LUBE OIL
S.N
o
Equipment Stage Name of
oil
Moisture
(ppm)
MI
(ppm)
Viscosity
(cst)
1 TURBINE II DAPHANE
SUPER
TURBINE-46
100 50 41.4-50.6

2 PA
FAN/SAPH
II SERVO
CYCLE-660
100 50 615-680
3 FD/ID II SERVO PM-
68
100 50 64-72
4 TDBFP BRG
& COUPLING
II SERVO PM-
46 T
300 50 43-48
5 MDBFP II SERVO
SYSTEM-
HLP32
300 50 29-39
6 MAIN MILL
LUBE UNIT
II SERVO
SYSTEM-460
500 500 440-500
FIRE RESISTANT FLUID
FIRE RESISTANT FLUID
FRF is known as phosphate ester
hydraulic fluids.
They are used in 500 MW turbine
control system
They are fire resistant, exhibit
good resistance to oxidation
hydrolysis, adequate air release
and low foaming properties when
compared to petroleum oil.
PARAMETERS OF FRF MONITORED
Water Content-Potential for Hydrolysis
Fluid Cleanliness/ Particle Count
Total Acid No-Hydrolysis that has
occurred
Mineral oil content
Air release
Viscosity
Resistivity
FRF POLISHING UNIT
Mechanical filter and strainers
removes mechanical impurities

Fuller earth and activated alumina
treatment to remove acidic ions. They
acts as ion exchangers.

Air drier or desiccant breather to
remove moisture-moisture filter.
LIMIT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS
S.N Parameter Test Method Permissible
Limit
1 Viscosity ASTM D-445 30-50 cst
2 Acid Number ASTM D-974 0.2 mg
KOH/gm
3 Water Content ASTM D-1744 1500 ppm
4 Sediments AFNORE-48652 5 mg/100 ml
5 Particle Count ASTMF-662/322 Class 16/13
INSULATING OIL
USE OF INSULATING OIL
Insulating oils are derived from mineral oil.
Insulating oils are used in transformers,
reactors switchgear and cables.
It quenches arcs when switching.
Prevents glow discharge.
Act as a cooling agent.
AGEING OF OIL DURING OPERATION
Increased temperature.
Absorption of gases mainly oxygen.
Absorption of water from atmosphere.
Ageing through contacts with metal plates
like copper and iron
High temperature decomposition.

Dielectric breakdown test.

Dielectric dissipation factor or tan-d.

Specific resistances.

Water content test.

Acidity Test.
PARAMETERS OF INSULATING OIL
MONITORED
RECONDITIONING OF INSULATING
OIL
Reconditioning of oil means removal of water
and solid particles from oil.
This is done by using several available type of
filters, centrifuge and vacuum dehydrators.
Filter removes mechanical impurities.
The centrifuge is used when there is large
amount of water or other contamination present.
Vacuum dehydrator removes water and
dissolved gases.

Condition Monitoring of HV
Transformers and Reactors by
DGA technique
Degradation of insulating oil
Electrical discharges or thermal
stresses in the oil or solid insulator of
an oil filled transformer produces gases.
The most significant gases produced
are hydrogen, methane, ethane,
ethylene and actylene.
The relative quantity of various gases
depends on the energy available.
GASES GENERATED UNDER
DIFFERENT CONDITION
S.N Phenomenon Gases
Generated
1 Partial discharge H2 gas (mainly)
2 Little heating CH4,H2
3 Low temp. hotspot CH4
4 Moderately high temp
hotspot
C2H4,C2H6
5 Very high temp hotspot C2H2 in significant
amount.
Steps involved in D G Analysis
Sampling of oil - Stainless steel oil
sampling containers of capacity up to 1000
ml with needle valves and tube adaptors
at both ends can be used for sampling.
Gas Extraction from oil Dissolved gases
are extracted by degassing flask attached
with a vacuum pump assembly. The
extracted gas is then compressed to
atmospheric pressure and volume of the
gas is measured.
Steps involved in D G Analysis
Analysis of gas extracted- The gas extracted can
be analyzed by a Gas Chromatograph fitted with
a thermal conductivity cell detector. The carrier
gas is helium. The column used is poropak N and
Molecular sieve 5A.The gases determined are
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, ethane,
ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, CO,
CO2 etc.
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
MINERAL OIL HYD FLUIDS
SOLUBLE IN WATER, FORMING EMULSIONS

USED WHERE NOT MANY MOVING PARTS ARE
INVOLVED

CHEAP

IF LEAK OCCURS, PRESENT A DEFINITE FIRE
HAZARD AT ELEVATED TEMP

WATER/GLYCOL HYD FLUID
BETTER OILLINESS THAN MINERAL OIL HF

ARE REASONABLY FIRE RESISTANT

FLUID BECOMES THICKER & STICKY AT HIGH TEMP

WATER CAN BE ADDED TO RESTORE ITS ORIGINAL
CONSISTENCY

MORE EXPENSIVE THAN THE SOLUBLE MINERAL OIL HF
SYNTHETIC HYDRAULIC FLUID
MAN-MADE PRODUCT

CHEMICAL NAMES SUCH AS CHLORINATED HC &
PHOSPHATE ESTERS

HIGH RESISTANCE TO FIRE

USED IN BOILER DAMPERS & OTHER SYSTEMS
WHERE HIGH TEMP ARE ENCOUNTERED

COSTS ABOUT 8 TIMES AS MUCH AS MOHF
THANK YOU