MARCO ESCOLI N

LAURA LI MSENKHE
BEN MATI ENZO
J OAQUI N QUEJADA
MI GGY UNTALAN
LUI GI VALDEZ
Genetic Reasoning
What is genetic reasoning?
Genetic reasoning is
used to:
Predict possible traits
Find the probabilities of
these traits
Understand ones inherited
traits
The Concept of the Gene
Thomas Hunt Morgan
discovered that the
chromosome is the means by
which hereditary traits are
transmitted from one
generation to another
Morgans chromosome theory
of inheritance includes the
concept that chromosomes are
composed of discrete units
called genes
The Concept of the Gene
Genes are the actual carriers of specific traits and
move with the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
When genes change, or mutate, the traits they
control also change

Test Cross
The test cross was first
introduced by Gregor
Mendel, father of modern
genetics
It involves the breeding
of a dominant trait
individual with a
recessive individual
DOMI NANCE
SEGREGATI ON
I NDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Gregor Mendels Laws of
Heredity
Law of Dominance
If two organisms that exhibit contrasting traits are
crossed, the trait that shows up in the first filial
generation is the dominant trait
For example:
A purebred tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant, all
of the offspring will be tall
The offspring will not be pure tall and therefore known as
hybrids
These offspring's factor for shortness is hidden
The phenotype will be tall
The genotype will be heterozygous
What is This Genotype-Phenotype Thingy?
The word genotype refers to the genetic makeup of
an organism some of which we cannot see
The word phenotype refers to the traits that we can
see
The word heterozygous refers to organisms that have
dissimilar genes for any hereditary characteristic; it
also refers to hybrids or mixed organisms
The word homozygous refers to organisms that are
purebred or not mixed
Law of Segregation
It states that that during the production of gametes
the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so
that offspring acquire one factor from each parent

Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel believed that:
Each trait is inherited independently of others and remains
unaltered throughout all generations
And that if genes are on the same chromosome, they are
inherited together
Punnett Square
It is a diagrammatic device used to
predict the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios that will result
when certain gametes fuse
The Punnett Square was named
after a English geneticist, Reginald
Punnett. He discovered some basic
principles of genetics, including sex
linkage and sex determination
Sex Determination
is a biological system that determines the
development of sexual characteristics in an organism
The Dominant and the Recessive
The terms dominant and recessive describe the
inheritance patterns of certain traits
Sexually reproducing species, have two copies of
each gene called alleles
Proteins affect traits, so variations in protein activity
or expression can produce different phenotypes.

Dominant and Recessive
dominant allele
Produces dominant phenotype
More likely to show on the offspring
recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype
Produces recessive phenotype
Less likely to show on the offspring
Carriers

How does the Punnett Square work?
E.g.: dark skin complexion (D) is dominant over light
skin complexion (d). What is the result of a cross
between two humans that are both heterozygous
(Dd) for skin complexion?
Parents:
Male x Female
Dd Dd
d

D d
D

Phenotypic Ratio: 3:1
Genotypic Ratio: 1:2:1

DD homozygous dominant dark
Dd heterozygous dominant dark
dd homozygous recessive light
DD Dd
Dd dd
Intermediate Inheritance
In many cases, a trait is not controlled by a single
gene, but rather by a cooperative action of two or
more genes
There are many instances in which Mendels law of
dominance does not hold true
A case in point is what we call blending dominance
or incomplete dominance, which is now known as
codominance

The Punnett Square That Will Make You Pull
Your Hair and Cry in a Corner (Di-hybrid)
E.g.: in peas, yellow colored
pods (G) are dominant over
green colored pods (g) and
smooth pods (B) are
dominant over wrinkled
pods (b). What is the result
of a cross between a
heterozygous yellow and
smooth pea plant and a
heterozygous green and
smooth pea plant?
Parents:
Male x Female
GgBb ggBb
GgBB GgBb GgBB GgBb
GgBb Ggbb GgBb Ggbb
ggBB ggBb ggBB ggBb
ggBb ggbb ggBb ggbb
gB gB gb gb
GB
gB
gb
Gb
Phenotypic Ratio: 6:2:6:2/3:1:3:1
Genotypic Ratio: 2:4:2:2:4:2/1:2:1:1:2:1

GgBB 2 Ggbb 2 ggBb 4
GgBb 4 ggBB 2 ggbb 2



Genetic Application
Scientists use genetics in:
Modifying crops
Cross breeding livestock
DNA tests
Selective breeding
Cloning
The production of human growth
hormone
The
Genetics is Fun, MAYBE
Game
One
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
If two organisms with contrasting traits are
crossed, the trait that shows up is called _____
a.codominant
b.dominant
c. recessive
d.allelic

Answer: b. dominant
Two
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What is the trait that remains hidden?
a. dominant
b. codominant
c. recessive
d. phenotype

Answer: c. recessive
Three
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
Red cattle crossed with white cattle produce a red and
white hybrid. This type of inheritance is known as
a. mutation
b. codominance
c. magic
d. transformation

Answer: b. codominance
Four
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What is phenotype?
a. actual physical appearance
b. a type of pheno
c. genetic makeup
d. mathematics

Answer: a. actual physical appearance
Five
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
An individual who is heterozygous for two genes
is represented by
a. AABb
b. aaBB
c. AaBb
d. aaBb

Answer: b. AaBb
Six
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
Who introduced the test cross?
a. Barack Obama
b. Hippocrates
c. Gregor Mendel
d. Miley Cyrus

Answer: c. Gregor Mendel
Seven
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
Who discovered that the chromosome is the means by
which hereditary traits are transmitted from one
generation to another
a. Thomas Hunt Morgan
b. Miggy Quejada Escolin Limsenkhe Matienzo
c. Reginald Punnett
d. none of the above

Answer: a. Thomas Hunt Morgan
Eight
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
When genes change, or mutate, what happens?
a. nothing
b. we get an auto-immune disease
c. the traits also change
d. the chromosomes replicate, then divide

Answer: c. the traits also change
Nine
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What is the phenotypic ratio when you cross two
heterozygous parents (Aa)?
a. 1:1
b. 3:1
c. 1:2:1
d. 2:1

Answer: b. 3:1
Ten
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
The first organized study of heredity was made
by
a. Robert Hooke
b. Camillio Golgi
c. Antione van Leeuwenhoek
d. Gregor Mendel

Answer: d. Gregor Mendel
Bonusss(!)
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What specimen did Gregor Mendel use in his
work?
a. fruit fly
b. snapdragon
c. firefly
d. garden pea

Answer: d. garden pea
Another Bonusss(!)
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What is Drosophila melanogaster?
a. fruit fly
b. watermelon
c. firefly
d. potato

Answer: a. fruit fly
Another Another Bonusss(!)
GENETICS IS FUN, MAYBE
What is Pedophilia molester?
a. I will gonna
b. swallow a sword
c. Im disappointing
d. all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above