Handover

Handover
Gurpreet Singh Kalsi

21-May-2009
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, ##### 2 | Presentation Title | Month 2006
Contents
Objective & Classification of Handover
Type of Handover
Handover Preparation
Conditions of Handover
Call Flow for different types of Handover
Parameter used in the Handover
Analysis of Handover Failure
Objective
What is the purpose of HO?
Call continuity
Call quality
Others...

Emergency HO
Timing advance (TA) Emergency HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
Interference emergency HO
load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
Power budget (PBGT) HO
Fast moving MS HO (Speed-sensitive HO )
Concentric cell HO
Handover Classification
The handover procedure consists of handover trigger, handover preparation and decision, and
handover execution.
Types of Handoffs
HO can be divided into synchronous HO and asynchronous HO based on Timing Advance (TA)
Asynchronous handover-Source and target cell belong the different BTS
Synchronous handover-Source and target cell belong the Same BTS
Measurement Report
The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
Penalty Processing
There are overall four types of penalty process
Penalty on the target cell when a HO fails.
Penalty on the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( base on BQ
and TA ) is performed.
Penalty on other high priority layer cells after a fast moving HO is
performed.
A new IUO cell HO attempt is prohibited within the penalty time after an
IUO cell HO fails.
Penalty
allowed
It determines whether to punish the target cell of handover failure, or the
original served cell of handover upon too big TA or bad quality. The
penalty measures can apply to cells in or out of the same BSC
Yes, No Yes
Different Penalty timer for different type of HO are defined at cell level.
Penalty on the Target Cell
Punish the target cell when a HO fails. This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in
next HO judgment.

Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Penalty level
after HO fail
The signal level value in dB, to punish the target cell which has
caused a HO failure due to problems such as congestion , to
prevent MS from a handover attempt to that cell again. This
value is only valid within the penalty time for handover failure.
0 ~ 63 dB
30

Penalty time
after HO fail
Penalty time on the corresponding target cell after seconds
handover failure
0 ~ 60 s 10
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell A
Cell B
Penalty on the Source Cell
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and TA) occurs.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty on Non-umbrella Layer
Giving penalty on the other three layers after MS handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-
moving-HO. This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Underlaid
Overlaid
Do not
attempt
again after a
failed HO!
Penalty on Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
A new Overlaid/Underlaid HO is prohibited within a penalty time after an
Overlaid/Underlaid HO failure.

Basic Ranking and Secondary Ranking
Procedure of Ranking
Basic ranking and secondary ranking of cells are major parts of the HO judgment.
Ranking is made through 16bits-algorithm. The serving cell and the neighbor cells will be
listed in a cell list according to their 16bits value. The ranking processes include:
M rule
K rule
16bits ranking

M Rule
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put into
the candidate cell list.
For serving cell
RX_LEV (o) >MS_RX_MIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
For Neighbor cell
RX_LEV (n) > MS_RX_MIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
MS_RX_MIN(o) and MS_RX_MIN(n)-- Minimum MS received signal level
required by the serving cell and neighbor cell.
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.
P : MS maximum transmitting power
This factor is normally zero, but included for
Lower end mobiles
K Rule Criterion
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are ranked in descending
order according to the receiving level only
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value. The smaller the
value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level and the penalty
process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to the level
ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 4th Bit: Determined by HO Hysteresis
The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the serving cell
+ Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving cell + Inter-
cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Inter cell HO
hysteresis
Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the
serving cell. It is set to reduce Ping pang HO. The
hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according
to the handover performance statistics result and live
network. Flexible configuration of the value can
effectively lead handover andtraffic between two
adjacent cells.
0 ~ 63 dB
It is around 4 in the
densely populated
downtown, and
around 8 on the
outskirts.
The 5th10th Bit: Determined by Layer
The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei
hierarchical network structure.
When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell < layer HO threshold
and hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this function take effect.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further divided
into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell
structure.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Layer HO
Thresh.
It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking , and it is also the level
requirement on the target cell for interference handover and load handover. Then
such level should be higher than layer handover threshold + layerhandover
hysteresis. The layer handover threshold should be set >= Edge handover
threshold + Inter cell handover hysteresis.
0 ~ 63
(-110~-
47dBm)

25
Layer HO
hysteresis
Works together with the Layer handover threshold. 0 ~ 63 dB 3
Hierarchical Cell Structure
GSM900 Cell
Lay 3
Micro Cell
Lay 1
high
Umbrella Cell
Lay 4
low
GSM 900
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM 900
GSM900 GSM900
GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM1800 Cell
Lay 2
GSM 900
GSM900 GSM900
GSM1800 GSM1800
The 11th Bit: Determined by Load
The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
Serving cell: if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1, otherwise is
set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0. Less congested cell.
Refer to Load HO Table for the load HO threshold and load req. on candidate cell.

>>>>> When the cell load is higher than the threshold, then the bit 11th is set to
1.This is done in order to put the cell in a lower part of the cell list.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 12th/13th Bit: Determined by Co-BSC/MSC
12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than layer HO
threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and the value is set to 0.
If the parameter Co-BSC/MSC Adj. in the HO control table is set to No, then this
function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by co-MSC parameter, having the same concept as the
12th bit.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Co BSC/MSC
Adj.
It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit order. Yes
means handover in the same BSC/MSC is preferred. No means that
the 12 and 13 bits are shielded and set to0.
Yes, No Yes
The 14th Bit: Determined by Layer HO
The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell criterion
Receive level >= layer HO threshold - layer HO hysteresis , bit 14th is set to 0.
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are turned off.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 14th Bit: Determined by Layer HO
Neighbor cell criterion
RXLEV >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis0.
If the above criterion is not met 1.
At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th5th bits are turned off.
Note >>>>The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the value
of that individual cells value.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 15th Bit: Determined by Cell Type
The 15th bit: bit value is decided by cell type.
Serving cell or Neighbor cell criterion
When cell type is extension cell 1.
When cell type is normal cell 0.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 16th Bit: Determined by MNC HO Strategy
The 16th bit: bit value is decided by MNC HO strategy.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell criterion
If the inter MNC HO is supported then bit 16 is set to 1 otherwise it is 0.
When handover in same MNC is on priority, then bit 16 for Neighboring cell is set as 1
otherwise 0.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Condition of Handover
Emergency HO
TA HO
BQ HO
Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
Fast moving HO
Overlaid/Underlaid HO
TA HO
Triggering condition
The actual TA > TA HO Thrsh.
Target cell selection
The cell must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the
following limitation.
Limitation
The target cell cannot serve as serving cell.
If the TA threshold of Co-site neighbor cell < TA threshold of serving cell, a handover
to cell is not allowed.
After TA handover is successful, penalty is performed on originating cell.
Parameter
TA threshold is the parameter which distinguish the boundary between underlay and overlay
cell. HO between concentric cell will not trigger if TA threshold of neighbor cell within the BTS
is < the server Cell.
Bad Quality HO
UL receiving quality >=UL receiving quality thrsh. of the service cell.
OR DL receiving quality >=DL receiving quality thrsh. of the service cell.
The cells must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the
following Limitation.
Limitation
Handover to the neighboring cell with the highest priority. If there is no neighboring
cell, handover to the service cell, and the channel at different TRX is preference.
After BQ handover is successful, penalty is performed on originating cell

Parameter
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the
service cell in the candidate cell group.
Restriction
The service cell cannot be the Target cell.

Parameter
Interference HO
UL receiving quality>=Service cell UL receiving quality Thrsh. AND UL receiving
level>=Service cell UL receiving level Thrsh.
OR DL receiving quality>=Service cell DL receiving quality Thrsh. AND DL receiving
level>=Service cell DL receiving level Thrsh.
target cell selection
The cells must be of the highest priority in the candidate cell sequence and meet the
following limitation.
Limitation
The service cell that is not in the penalty time for intra-cell handover.
The neighboring cell with the receiving level higher than the inter layer HO Thrsh.
Interference Handover
Lev_Thr
Rx_Qual
RX_Lev
Qual_Thr
Interference
Origin
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
Handover Triggering
Zone
Load HO
The load HO switch of the service cell is enabled.
The system signaling flow is not larger than the Load HO system flow Thrsh.
The service cell traffic is larger than the Load HO Thrsh.
The DL receiving level is in the load HO zones.
The service cell cannot be the target cell.
The traffic of the neighboring cell must be lower than its load HO receiving thrsh.
The neighboring cell with the receiving level higher than the inter layer HO Thrsh.
Restriction
It is not available with SDCCH.
Load HO just occur within the same BSC.
Parameter - 1
Parameter- 2
Load Handover
Handover triggering zone
Load HO Thr
Time
Traffic of Serving Cell
Receiving Threshold
Traffic of Neighboring Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Cell A
Cell B
Normal HO border
CONF_HO_RXLEV
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Ramp
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Offset
Load HO zone
Load HO
As load HO may trigger more HOs, consider the CPU load (system flow level) before
triggering it. In addition, load is taken by step, that is, the edge HO thrsh. raises according
to certain step and period and stops after without the Load HO Zone.
Load HO bandwidth
Edge HO threshold
Load HO step level
Edge HO
The DL receiving level < Edge HO DL RX_LEV Thrsh.
OR The UL receiving level < Edge HO UL RX_LEV Thrsh.
Satisfying P/N rule.
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of
the service cell.

Edge Handover
Handover
Triggering
P/N
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
P: Watch Time = 5 sc
N: Valid Time = 4 Sec

RX_LEV Thr
Time
RX_Lev
It means that within P seconds
Condition for PBGT HO meet for
N Second

Layer HO
The layer of the target cell is lower than that of the service cell.
The DL level of the target cell is higher than the inter layer HO thrsh.
Satisfying P/N rule.
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of the
service cell.
Layer HO
GSM900
Cell
(Lay 3)
GSM1800
Cell
Lay 2

GSM 900
GSM1800
GSM1800
GSM 900
GSM 900
GSM1800
GSM1800
PBGT HO

The layer and level of the target cell are the same as those of the service cell.
The DL level must be the result of the following formula.
The neighboring cell with the highest priority and whose priority is higher than that of
the service cell.
Restriction
It is not available with SDCCH.

PBGT = ((msTxPwrMax- msTxPwrMax(n)) - (AV_RXLEV_DL_HO-AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n))
- (btsTxPwrMax - BTS_TXPWR)
PBGT = ((33dBm-33dBm)-(-90 - -80)-(42dBm-42dBm)
= 10 dB
10 dB > 5 dB OK !!!!
Equations 1 and 2 are used
AV_RXLEV_DL_HO = -90 dBm
msTxPwrMax = 33 dBm (= 2W)
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
BTS_TX_PWR = 42 dBm = (16 W)
hoMarginPBGT(n) = 6 dB
Serving Cell: Best Adjacent Cell:
AV_RXLEV_NCELL(n) = -80 dBm
rxLevMinCell(n) = -99 dBm
msTxPwrMax(n) = 33 dBm (= 2W)
btsTxPwrMax = 42 dBm (= 16 W)
Power Budget Handover
PBGT HO
Watch Time / Valid Time
Serving Cell
Neighboring Cell
PBGT HO Thr
Time
Patch Loss (dB)
126dB 119dB
5
126-119=7dB>5dB
Handover
Triggering
P: Watch Time = 5 sc
N: Valid Time = 4 Sec

It means that within P seconds
Condition for PBGT HO meet for
N Second

Fast-Moving HO
MS Fast-moving watch cells - The total number of cells for judging whether a MS is fast
moving or not.
MS Fast-moving valid cells - Total N of actual cells that MS fast passes. That is, when N
equal to or more than Q cells that MS lately passes are fast passing ones, the fast moving
micro cell handover algorithm will be started.
Target Cell Selection
Number of layer where target cell is located must be => 4. Target cell is umberlla cell.
RX level of target cell is => inter layer HO thre + Inter layer HO hysteresis.

MS Fast-Moving Handover
Handover
Triggering
Time Thr
Umbrella Cell
Time
P/N
P: Watch Cells
N: Valid Cells

1 1 2 3
Micro Cell
Cells Number

Overlaid / Underlaid Cell
Assume: 6TRX in one cell, two CDUs and one SCU are adopted
Where can we configure BCCH CH, CDU or SCU?
SCU
CDU
CDU
Antenna
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
TRX
Antenna
How to Allocate SDCCH/TCH?
SDCCH
SDCCH are always allocated in Underlaid
Layer is allocated according the transmission delay of access burst
TCH
The receiving level
TA
They are included in MR of SDCCH on uplink reported by BTS
Factor of Handover between Overlaid/Underlaid
Normal Overlaid/Underlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Enhanced Overlaid/Underlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Traffic Load of Underlaid
underlaid
overlaid
Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive level ,TA value and
quality.
Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid(OL) to underlaid(UL):
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR
RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold RX_LEV hysteresis OR
Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND
RX_LEV >=RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis AND
Qua. =<Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
UL OL
UL OL
Enhance Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink receive level, quality, TA
value and traffic Load of Underlaid (optional).

Receiving Quality Threshold
U to O HO received level Thrsh.
O to U HO received level Thrsh.
Underlaid subcell
Overlaid subcell
TA Threshold
TA Hysteresis
Enhance Overlaid/Underlaid HO
Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR
RX_LEV <= O to U level OR
Qua. =>Qua. threshold
Satisfying P/N rule
Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
TA value =< TA threshold TA hysteresis AND
RX_LEV >= U to O level AND
Qua. =<Qua. Threshold
If the U to O HO traffic threshold is checked, just in the condition that underlaid load
is more than this threshold, U to O handover based on previous conditions can be
triggered
Satisfying P/N rule
UL OL
UL OL
Handover Signaling Flow
GSM Handoffs
Types of handoffs
Intra-Cell : Handoff between sectors of same cell
Inter-Cell Intra-BSC: if old and new BTSs are attached to same base station MSC is
not involved
Inter-BSC: if old and new BTSs are attached to different base stations but within same
MSC
Inter-MSC: if MSCs are changed
Intra Cell Handover
MSC BTS
BSC MS
RR(SACCH)
RR(FACCH)
L2-SABM
L2-UI
ASSIGN COM
MEAS REP
MEAS REP
CHAN ACTIV
CHAN ACT ACK
<ASSIGN CMD>
ASSIGN CMD
RR(New FACCH)
Assign Comp
EST IND
RF CHA REL
(old TCH)
HO PERFOMED(DT1)
(Cause: intra_cell)
<ASSIGN COM>
RF CHA REL ACK
Old channel local end release
RR(FACCH)
RR(FACCH)
Start -
T3107
Stop
T3107
Inter- Cell Intra-BSC Handover Procedure
CH Actvn

CH Actvn Ack
MS BTS (Target) BTS (server) BSC MSC
Handover Command
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Phys Info
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Channel Release
Channel Release ACK
HO PERFORMED
Measurement Report
Measurement Result
SACCH
FACCH
Start T3103
Start T3124
Stop T3124
Stop T3103
SABM
Start T3105
StopT3105
UA Con. Est
This Massage is
Missing in syn
Handover. In that
MS directly send
The SABM after
Handover access

Inter BSC HO Signaling Process
Attempted incoming inter BSC inter cell handovers

MS BTS 1 BTS 2 BSC1 BSC2 MSC
(original)
(Target)
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Handover Required
Handover Request
Channel_Active
Channel_Active_ACK
Handover_Request_ACK
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Handover Complete
Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
Successful outgoing interBSC
inter cell handovers
incoming interBSC inter cell handovers
outgong interBSC inter cell handovers
Successful incoming inter BSC handovers
Start Timer
T 7
Stop Timer
T 7 & start T 8
t3103
Stop T 8/ T3103

Start 3124
Stop 3124
Inter MSC Handover
Indicate the
Routing btw
MSC a & MSCb
Layer -3 Analysis for Inter Cell handover
Synch Channel Information
System Information Type-5
System Information Type-6
Measurement Report Massage
Handover Command
Target sector
Handover Access
Please note that the HANDOVER ACCESS is send by the access burst. It is the only time when
the access burst is used on the DCH. It only contains the 8-bit HO reference number obtained
from the handover command. Since this reference number is known to the target cell, the target
cell can check whether the access request is from the expected MS with this number.
Handover Complete
After Handover
Few Important Timers for Handover
T3103 - In inter- and intra-BSS handover, the BSC determines the time for keeping TCH both in
handover-originated cell and target cell. When the time receives handover completion (intra-BSC) or
clearing (inter-BSC) message, T3103 stops. The recommended value is 5s.
T3105 - When sending physical information, the network starts T3105. If the timer expires before
receiving any correct frames from MS, the network resends physical information and restarts the
T3105. The maximum repeated times is Ny1. T3105 ranges from 0 to 255, with unit of 10ms.
Ny * T3105 > T3124 + delta
T3124 - T3124 is used in occupation process in asynchronous handover. It is the time for MS to
receive the physical information send by network side. When the MS sends the HANDOVER
ACCESS message on the primary DCCH, T3124 starts. When the MS receives a PHYSICAL
INFORMATION message, the MS stops T3124, stops sending access burst, activates the PCH in
sending and receiving mode, and connects to the channel if necessary.

Major HO Parameters Configuration
Major HO parameter configuration
1.[Handover Control Table]
2.[Cell Description Table]
3.[Adjacent Cell Relation Table]
4.[Penalty Table]
5.[Emergency Handover Table]
6.[Load Handover Table]
7.[Normal Handover Table]
8.[Fast-Moving Handover Table]
9.[Concentric Cell Handover Table
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommend
value
Co BSC/MSC
Adj.
It means whether the 12 and 13 bits acts in the 16bit
order. Yes means handover in the same BSC/MSC is
preferred. No means that the 12 and 13 bits are
shielded and set to0.
Yes, No Yes
Penalty
allowed
It determines whether to punish the target cell of
handover failure, or the original served cell of handover
upon too big TA or bad quality. The penalty measures can
apply to cells in or out of the same BSC
Yes, No Yes
Load HO
allowed
It determines whether to perform the handover to share
traffic load. Load sharing can lower the channel
assignment failure ratio caused by cell congestion, so as
to make evener allocation of the service in respective
cells, and lower the cell congestion rate , and improve
network performance. It on ly applies in the same BSC or
cells at the same level
Yes, No No
MS Fast
moving HO
allowed
It determines whether to handle the fast moving MS with
the algorithm. It is only recommended in special area
(such as a highway), to lower CPU load. This algorithm
should only be used in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not applied
Yes, No No
Handover Control Table
Parameter
name
Meaning

Value
range
Recommended
value
RX _Level Drop
HO allowed
It means whether RX _ Level Drop emergency
handover algorithm is allowed, handover the MS
which receiving signal level is dropping quickly in
advance to avoid potential call drop. This algorithm
should be applied in suitable conditions, and usually it
is not used. To apply the handover algorithm, BSC must
have original measurement report.
Yes, No No
PBGT HO
allowed
It means whether PBGT handover algorithm is
allowed. PBGT handover algorithm currently is
processed on LAPD board. To avoid Ping -pang
handover, PBGT handover is only performed between
cells at the same layer and with the same priority, and
meanwhile it is only triggered on TCH.
Yes, No Yes
MS power
prediction
after
HO
It means after a handover whether MS is to use
proper predicted transmitting power to access the
new channel. This can reduce system interference
and improve service quality y (this parameter acts
when intra BSC handover occurs
Yes, No

Yes

Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
MR.
reprocessing
Yes means perform measurement report
preprocessing on BTS No means preprocessing on
BSC, then the two parameters of Send original
measurement report and Send BS/MS power level
do not act. Yes means decreasing of Abis interface
signaling and BSC load, and improving of network
response time performance. The switch determines
where to perform power control. When it is set to
Yes, power control is performed at BTS side. When it
is set to No, power control is performed at BSC side.
When setting this parameter, first be clear whether BTS
supports the power control algorithm to set or not.
Yes, No Yes
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Transfer
Original MR.
It means whether to send the original measurement
report to BSC after measurement report preprocessing
on BTS. When it is set to Yes, BTS sends not only
processed measurement rep ort but also original
measurement report to BSC.
Yes, No No
Transfer
BS/MS power
class
It means whether to send BS/MS power level from BTS to
BSC. This function is used to view the effect of power
control on BTS. Meanwhile, when preprocessing is
available , if BS/MS power level is not reported, the uplink
and downlink balance measurements will be affected,and
handover types such as PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover needing power
compensation will be abnormal.
Yes, No Yes
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Sent Freq. of
Preprocessed
MR.
It indicates the time interval at which a measurement report
is preprocessed at B TS side and sent to BSC the
preprocessed measurement report. This parameter acts
only when Measurement t report preprocessing is
enabled. For 15:1 link configuration, the report frequency
should be as low as once per second due to limited link
resource. At this time, for handover nee ding P/N judgment
such as edge handover, layer handover, PBGT handover and
overlaid/underlaid handover
Twice
per
second,
Once
per
second
According to
Concrete
conditions
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Layer of
the
cell
Huawei hierarchical network structure is divided into 4 layers. 16
Thepriorities can be set for each layer, which provides enough room of
network planning for the operator to adapt to various complex network
environment. Normally, Macro layer is the major 900 layers layer, Micro
layer is the major 1800 layer, Pico is the 900 and 1800 micro cell layer.
The smaller layer value, the higher priority.
1 ~ 4
M900 : layer 3
M1800:Laye 2
Cell
priority
Each layer may have 16 priorities, used to control the handover
priority between cells at the same layer. Usually priorities of priorities
cells at the same layer are set the same. For cells at the same layer, the
smaller the priority value, the higher the priority
1 ~ 16 1
Layer HO
Thresh.
It affects the value of the 14th bit in the 16bit ranking , and it is also the
level requirement on the target cell for interference handover and load
handover. Then such level should be higher than layer handover
threshold + layerhandover hysteresis. The layer handover threshold
should be set >= Edge handover threshold + Inter cell handover
hysteresis.
0 ~ 63
(-110~-
47dBm)

25
Layer HO
hysteresis
Works together with the Layer handover threshold.
0 ~ 63
dB
3
Cell Description Table
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Penalty on
MS Fasting
moving HO
It is valid when the fast moving handover algorithm is
enabled . It is the signal level penalty value on the other
neighbor cells when MS moves fast and is handed over
To umbrella cell. The parameter is only valid within the
penalty time.
0~ 63 dB 30
Penalty
Time on MS
Fasting
moving HO
It means that within this time, the penalty on the other
neighbor cells will be exerted after MS is handed over
to umbrella cell by fast moving HO.
0 ~ 255 s 40
Min DL level 0n
Candidate Cell
This is the min signal level requirement for the cell itself to be a
candidate cell low configuration may easily cause call drops, while
too high a configuration might turn handover too hard to occur.
0 ~ 63 15
Cell Description Table
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Min access
level offset
This offset is based on Min downlink level of handover
candidate cell. Different offsets can be defined for
different adjacent cells, and to enter the candidate cell
list, the corresponding adjacent cell receiving signal level
must be higher than the sum of Min. downlink level of
handover candidate cell and Min. Access level offset.
0 ~ 63 dB 0
PBGT HO
Thresh.

It means that PBGT handover is performed when the
difference between the target cell downlink path loss and
the corresponding to serving cell downlink path loss is
bigger than PBGT handover threshold. When PBGT
handover is enabled, and Inter cell handover hysteresis
> PBGT handover threshold (corresponding dB value),
Intercell handover hysteresis takes place of PBGT
handover threshold to act. . PBGT handover threshold
also needs to be adjusted according to
handover performance statistics result
0~127
correspondin
g to
-64~63dB
densely populated
downtown, and
around 72 on the
outskirts.
Inter cell HO
hysteresis
Handover hysteresis between an adjacent cell and the
serving cell. It is set to reduce Ping pang HO. The
hysteresis value also needs to be adjusted according to
the handover performance statistics result and live
network. Flexible configuration of the value can
effectively lead handover and
traffic between two adjacent cells.
0 ~ 63 dB
densely populated
downtown, and
around 8 on the
outskirts.
Adjacent Cell Relation Table
Normal Handover Table
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended value
Edge HO UL
RX_LEV Thresh.
During the statistics time, if the time in which the uplink
receiving level is lower than the value is longer than certain time
called continuous time, edge handover will be performed. If
PBGT handover is enabled, Corresponding edge handover
threshold will be set Lower
0 ~ 63
25 (without PBGT
handover, downtown),
15 (single station on
outskirts), 15 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)
Edge HO DL
RX_LEV Thresh.
Downlink consideration for edge HO 0 ~ 63
30 (without PBGT
handover, downtown),
20 (single station on
outskirts), 20 (with
PBGT handover,
downtown)
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Edge HO
watch time
It means that within the time statistics, if the
time in which the signal level is lower than
threshold is higher than the continuous time,
then margin HO is to be triggered
1 ~16 s 5
Edge valid
time
See the above. 1 ~16 4
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Layer HO
watch time
statistics time for Layer HO judgment 1 ~ 16 s 5
Layer HO
valid time
Continuous time for Layer HO judgment 1 ~ 16 s 4
PBGT watch
time
Statistics time for PBGT HO signal level judgment. 1 ~ 16 s 5
PBGT valid
time
Continuous time for PBGT HO signal level judgment.

1 ~ 16 s

4
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
MS
Fast -moving
watch cells
The cell sum P for judge whether MS is fast moving.
The value, if too large, may cause abrupt increase of
system flow, while too small value may cause inaccurate
judgment for fast moving MS.
1 ~ 10 3
MS
Fast moving
valid cells
The cell sum N by which MS actually quickly passes. If
within P cells that MS continuously past, the number of
cells by which the MS is judged to pass quickly is equal
to or more than N, then the MS will be judged as a fast
moving MS.
1 ~ 10 2
MS
Fast moving
Time Thresh.
The time threshold (2r/v) determined by the cell radius
(r) and moving speed (v). If the time in which MS seconds
passes the cell is smaller than the threshold, then MS is
judged to quickly pass the cell.
1 ~ 225 15
Common Concentric Data
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommended
value
Assign
optimum
layer
In Overlaid/Underlaid, the following selection are
available for TCH assignment: (1) The system judges
according to the measurement report on SDCCH and
assign to the best sub-cell. (2) Select the overlaid first
for TCH assignment. (3) Select the underlaid first for
TCH assignment. (4) Do not give extra priority.
System
optimization,
overlaid ,
underlaid , no
preferential
System
optimization
Assign-
optimum
level
Thresh.
If system optimization is selected, estimate
(interpolate, filter) current SDCCH level value through
uplink measurement value in the former SDCCH
measurement report, and compare with Assign-
optimum Level threshold, so as to assign overlaid or
underlaid channel.
If SDCCH is in the overlaid : edge handover threshold +
signal intensity difference between underlaid and
overlaid + uplink and downlink balance allowance +
SDCCH and TCH difference allowance. If SDCCH is in
the underlaid : edge handover threshold + uplink and
downlink balance allowance + SDCCH and TCH
difference allowance.
0 ~ 63
Parameter
Name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Pref. subcell
in HO of
intra-BSC
When the cell is configured into a Overlaid/Underlaid,
there are two processing methods for incoming
handover request in BSC: (1) No special processing for
channel assignment. (2) Add BCCH signal level value of
the target cell in inter-cell handover request message
to BSC to make BSC allocate optimum channel for MS
from underlaid or overlaid
Yes, No Yes
Incoming-
to-BSC HO
optimum
layer
If there is a incoming BSC HO, and the target cell is a
Overlaid/Underlaid, then, this parameter will show
which layer is preferred to provide service for the MS.
overlaid ,
underlaid ,
none
None
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range Recommended value
RX_QUAL
Thresh.
In case of Qua. Is worse than this value, MS
handover from overlay to underlay
0 ~ 70
60
UO HO watch
time
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0 ~ 16 s 5
UO HO valid
time
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO
judgment.
0 ~ 16 s 4
TA thresh. Of
Assignment
Pref.
TA is more than this value, TCH in underlay will be
allocated
0 ~ 63

According concrete
condition
TA Thresh. Of
IMM-Assign
Pref.
TA is more than this value, SDCCH in underlay will
be allocated
0 ~ 63

According concrete
condition

TA Prefer Of
IMM-Assign
Allowed
TA attend allocation of SDCCH or not Yes, No
According concrete
condition

Parameter
name
TA Thresh.
It must be bigger than TA emergency handover
threshold.
0 ~ 63 bit
period, with 1
bit period
corresponding
to 0.55km
TA hysteresis Works with TA threshold.
0 ~ 63 bit
period
UO HO watch
time
P/N judgment statistics time for U/O HO judgment. 0 ~ 16 s 5
UO HO valid
time
P/N judgment continuous time for U/O HO
judgment.
0 ~ 16 s 4
Normal Concentric Data
Parameter
name
RX_LEV
Thresh
Rx level hysteresis, Receiving Quality Thrsh.,TA
threshold and TA hysteresis jointly define
underlaid area and overlaid area. It must be
bigger than edge handover threshold, and the
recommended value is: edge handover
threshold + signal intensity difference between
underlaid and overlaid .
0 ~ 63 25
RX_LEV
hysteresis
Works with Rx threshold. 0 ~ 63 5
UO signal
intensity
difference
Transmitting Power at antenna difference
between underlaid and overlaid may cause MS
receiving signal intensity difference in underlaid
and overlaid . The parameter usually indicates
the antenna EIRP difference in dB between
underlaid cell and overlaid cell. According to
field measurement, multi-point measurement is
necessary if the underlaid and overlaid use
different antenna.
0 ~ 63 dB
Set according to
actual conditions
Enhance IUO Data
Parameter
name
Meaning
Value
range
Recommended
value
Enhance IUO
Allowed
Enable function of Enhance IUO or not Yes, No
Set according to
actual conditions

UtoO Traffic
HO Allowed
Enable traffic to be one condition of HO or not Yes, No
Set according to
actual conditions

OtoU HO
Received
Level Thresh.
In case of receiving level in overlay is less than this
value, HO occurs from overlay to underlay
0 ~ 63

25
UtoO HO
Received
Level Thresh.

In case of receiving level in underlay is more than
this value, and traffic in underlay is more than
Traffic Thresh. Of Underlay, HO occurs from
underlay to overlay
0 ~ 63

35
Concentric Cell Handover Table
Parameter
name
Meaning Value range
Recommende
d
value
Traffic Thresh.
Of Underlay
If the traffic in underlay is over this value, MS will
handover from under to overlay
0 ~ 100 %

80
Underlay HO
Step Period
If there are some handover requests from under to
overlay at the same time, system will handover the
call with level firstly. This value determine period per
step
1 ~ 255 s 5
Underlay HO
Step Level
It is the step that handover band decreases, used to
control the grade by grade handover band from
underlay to overlay with underlay HO step level
1 ~ 63 dB 5
Penalty Time of
UtoO HO
To prevent ping-pong handover, the call cant be
handed over back within penalty time when a call is
handed over from underlay to overlay
1 ~ 255 s 10
Handover Failure Cause
Late Handover Handover margin (like Rx level-Rx Qual etc )need to define
properly.
Ping-Pong Handover A proper Hysteresis is used to prevent the Ping Pong effect.
This can be caused by fading.
Unnecessary Handover more number of handovers, higher risk of facing quality
problem and even in call drop.
Missing neighbor Best server is not in there in neighbor list.
BCCH Missing
Same BCCH & BSIC combination
one way neighbor handover
Neighbor cell in other BSC- need to define correct CGI,BCCHNO,BSIC.
Congestion on other cell.


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Gurpreet Singh Kalsi

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