Introduction of Parasitology

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Email:sleepingparasite@yahoo.com
Password:SLPPST

Bin Ye
Professor,
Ph. D.
Email:pasobo@sina.com

week lecture practice
1
general introduction
1
roundworm, whipworm
2
pinworm, hookworm
2
filariae,trichinella
3
trematode, liver fluke basic tech
3
lung & intestine fluke
4
schistosomes nematodes
4
cestode, pork tapeworm
5 No class
6
beef & sheep tapeworm trematodes
week lecture practice
7 protozoa, amoebae
cestodes

7 giardia, trichomonas
8 leishmania,toxplasma protozoa
8 malaria

9
arthropodes, mosqiuto, fly
louse, flea, mite,
arthropodes

9 sumerrize

Parasite:
an organism which obtains food and shelter
from another organism and derives all
benefits from association.
Traditionally, protozoa,arthropods,helminths are
defined as parasites.

Within broad definition, parasites include
microparasites: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa.
macroparasites: helminths, arthropods.

Microparasites & Macroparasites




Protozoamalaria parasite
helminths
arthropods
Medical Parasitology and Parasitic
Disease
Parasitism and Parasite
Interaction of Parasites and Hosts
Epidemiology and Prevention of
Parasitic Disease
INTRODUCTION
Parasitology :
science that deals with the parasites of
human and domestic animals.

interactions between a host and the
population of parasites
interactions between host populations
and the parasites that infect them
Aspects of Parasitology :

parasites---morphology, biochemistry,
physiology, life cycles

host---immunological, pathological,
clinical responses

treatment and control

public health
Medical parasites and Parasitology:

Protozoasingle-celled parasites
/Protozoology

Helminthsflukes, tapeworms,nematodes
/ Helminthology

Arthropodsinsects,ticks,mites
/Arthropodology
Important Parasitic Diseases
Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis
Burden of Diseases in Developing World
Disease
Endemic
countries
Deaths/yr
(million)
Disease
Burden
(DALYs million)
HIV/AIDS
180 2.8 86
Malaria
101 1.2 44.7
TB
211 1.6 35.4
African tryps
36 0.05 1.5
Chagas Disease
21 0.01 0.7
Leishmaniasis 88 0.05 2
Filariasis
80 5.8
Schistosomiasis 76 0.01 1.7
Onchocerciasis 36 0.5
July2008 Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Neglected Tropical Diseases
Protozoan Infections
Leishmaniasis (VL, CL and MCL)
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Chagas disease
Helminth Infections
Soil-transmitted helminth infections
Ascariasis-Trichuriasis-Hookworm
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Schistosomiasis
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
Cysticercosis and other zoonotic helminthiasis
Viral Infections
Dengue & dengue haemorrhagic fever
Bacterial Infections
Leprosy
Trachoma
Buruli ulcer
NTDs in poor populations

Soil transmitted helminthiasis
Schistosomiasis
Lymphatic filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Leprosy
Trachoma
Leishmaniasis
Buruli ulcer
Chagas disease
Human African
trypanosomiasis
Dengue & DHF

Cysticercosis

Echinococcosis
Rabies
Anthrax
Bovine tuberculosis
Brucellosis
Zoonotic trypanosomiasis
Impact on poverty
making interventions cost-effective
Malaria
TB
Neglected zoonoses
or poor populations and (all) their (undermining) diseases ?
HIV/AIDS
Previousl
y
neglected
diseases
Neglected tropical diseases
Global distribution of NTDs
.
Approximately 1 billion people are affected by more than one of NTDs
Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Elephantiasis of leg due to filariasis.
Elephantiasis of leg due to filariasis
Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Schistosomaiasis
A 13-year-old boy with schistosomiasis.
Hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, muscle atrophy, pyrexia, anaemia and
haemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract.
victims of schistosomiasis
showing typical distension of the abdomen.
Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Profile view of a teenage
boy suffering from visceral
leishmaniasis.
The boy exhibits
splenomegaly, distended
abdomen and severe
muscle wasting.
Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult.
Malaria
Filariasis
Schistosomaiasis
Leishmaniasis
Trypanosomiasis

Vector of African Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomes
African Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosoma cruzi
Vectors of American Trypanosomiasis
American Trypanosomiasis
Other Parasitic Diseases
hookworm
A hookworm on mucosa of stomach
Gastroscopy images
Whipworm adults
Whipworm adults embed in mucosa
pinworms
Trichinella spiralis larvae in muscles

Chinese liver flukes
lung fluke
Pork tapeworm adult
Beef tapeworm adult
Hydatid,
sheep
tapeworm
larva
amoeba
Histopathology of a typical flask-shaped ulcer of
intestinal amebiasis
Gross pathology of liver containing amebic abscess
giardiasis lamblia
Giardia lamblia
Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites
Brain damages caused by T gondii
follicle mite
Scabies, itch mite
lice
flea
tick
Disease
Parasitic Disease
INTRODUCTION
Symbiosis:
An association in which both
partners are so dependent upon
each other that one cannot live
without the other.
Symbiosis: association between
animals of different species living
together.
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
symbiosis
advantage advantage

mutualism
+
cilliate
+
ox,sheep
commensalism +
small fish
-
big fish
parasitism +
roundworm
-
human

Mutualism:
In symbiosis, a special relationship
that is beneficial to both partners.

Commensalism:
An association in which the
commensal only is deriving benefit
without causing injury to its host. A
commensal is capable of leading an
independent life.
Parasitism:
parasite derives benefit
host always suffers some injury.
A parasite has its power of
independent life.
hookworms on small intestinal mucosa
Parasitism------important features
involves two species, parasite and host.
parasite receives nourishment and shelter
from host
parasite is always the beneficiary and
host is always the provider.
pathological changes in hosts that may
result in disease.
treatment and control of parasitic diseases
requires information about parasite and its
interactions with their hosts.
1. Types of parasites

Obligatory parasite, Facultative parasite
Endoparasite, Ectoparasite
Permanent parasite ,Temporary parasite
Accidental parasite , Wandering parasite
Opportunistic parasite

on selections of host, parasites are divided into:
Obligatory parasite -- a parasite cannot
exist without a parasitic life, it must live
entirely or at least partially in or on the host
to get food.
Facultative parasite-- a parasite lives a
parasitic life when opportunity arises,it can
live without the host.
Obligatory parasite
Facultative parasite-Acanthamoeba
1.Types of parasites
on living sites, parasites are divided into:

Endoparasite-- a parasite lives inside the
body of the host; in the blood, tissues,
body cavities, digestive tract and other
organs.

Ectoparasite-- a parasite lives outside
on the surface of the body of the host.
Endoparasite, hookworms on small intestinal mucosa
E
Ectoparasite
on living time, parasites are divided into:
Permanent parasite --must live in or on
the host during the entire life time of the
parasite.
Temporary parasite-- may live on the
host for a short period during its feeding,
then leaves.
Permanent parasite
Temporary parasites
Nomenclature of Parasites:
Phylum---Subphylum
---(Superclass)-Class-(Subclass)
---Order-(Suborder)
---(Superfamily)-Family-(Subfamily)
---Genus---Species

On if host or site is normal or abnormal, some
parasites are divided into:
Accidental or Occasional parasite a parasite
enters or attaches to the body of an unusual
host by a chance.
Wandering or Aberrant parasite a parasite
happens to reach a place where it cannot live.
myiasis caused
by a fly larva.
Accidental parasite
Accidental parasite
myiasis caused
by fly larvae.
Aberrant parasite
ascarid larva in
brain
on possibility of damage to host, some parasites
are
Opportunistic parasites can cause
damage to the host when the host is under
a susceptible condition,such as
Toxoplasma gondii in AIDS patients .
Opportunistic parasites
Toxoplasma gondii from an HIV infected patient.
2. Life cycle of parasites
------ the whole process of parasite growing,
developing and reproduction.

Some parasites have complex life cycles, others have
simple life cycles.

Direct type: no intermediate host

Indirect type: need intermediate host
Life cycle of ascarid
Life cycle of Chinese liver fluke
Types of Life cycle

Multicellular Parasite:
adults---- eggs----- larvae----- adults

Unicellular Parasite (protozoa):
sexual reproduction phase ------ asexual
reproductive phase.

Arthropods:
adults--- eggs--- larvae--- pupa--- adult
Definitive host / Final host
Intermediate host
Reservoir host
Paratenic host / Transport host
Definitive /Final host
harbors the adult stage of the parasite
or where the parasite utilizes the sexual
method of reproduction.

In majority of human parasitic
infection, man is definitive host.
Intermediate host
harbors the larval stages of the parasite
or where the parasite utilizes the asexual
method of reproduction.

Certain parasites have 2 intermediate
host, known as the 1st and 2nd
intermediate host respectively .
Definitive /Final host
harbors the adult stage of the parasite or where
the parasite utilizes the sexual method of
reproduction.

Intermediate host
harbors the larval stages of the parasite or
where the parasite utilizes the asexual method
of reproduction.
larvae
In Suitable host
In UnSuitable host
Human ??? host
vertebrate Animal ??? host

vertebrate Animal-- ??? host
adult
larve
Reservoir host
a normal vertebrate animal host that
harbors the parasites of human.
ensure continuity of the parasite's life
cycle and act as additional sources of
human infection.
Domestic animals are chief reservoir hosts.
Paratenic / Transport host
an abnormal vertebrate host which
harbors the larvae of helminths, the
larvae remains viable without further
development, but is infective to their
normal hosts.
Usually,an insect transmitting the
parasitic infection known as the
vector, not as a transport host.
Reservoir host
a normal vertebrate animal host that harbors the
parasites of human, act as additional sources of
human infection.
Paratenic / Transport host
an abnormal vertebrate host which harbors the
larvae of helminths, the larvae remains viable
without further development, but is infective to
their normal hosts.
life cycle of Spirometra mansoni
larvae
In Suitable host
In UnSuitable host
Human definitive host
vertebrate Animal reservoir host

vertebrate Animal-- Transport host
adult
larve
Disease
Parasitic Disease
INTRODUCTION
between
1.Effects of Parasites on Hosts
Depend upon parasite species, strain,
amount of parasites, parasitic sites,
secretion and excretion of parasites.
Proliferation, multiplication and
metastasis in protozoal infection are
important.
Pathogenic Factors of a parasite

migratory pathway in host
anatomical site where parasite develops
feeding habits
suitable living site
stimulate hyperactive immunological responses
in host that may lead to immunopathological
changes (fibrosis, granulomas, autoimmuine
reactions, allergic reactions and splenomegaly.)
transmit other infectious agents. ( relevant to
arthropods. )
Competition for hosts nutrients

Physical Damages to Tissues or Organs

Toxic and Allergic Effect on Host

roundworm,tapeworm gets nutrition from
intestine of man.

roundworms can block intestine, invade
appendix or bile duct.


toxin of arthropods; proteolytic enzyme
secreted by amoeba; metabolite, secretions,
excretions from parasites or dead parasites act as
antigen, induce hypersensitive immune response
or allergy, damage tissues.
roundworm,tapeworm gets nutrition from
intestine of man.
roundworms can block intestine, invade
appendix or bile duct.
toxin of arthropods; proteolytic enzyme
secreted by amoeba; metabolite, secretions,
excretions from parasites or dead parasites act as
antigen, induce hypersensitive immune response
or allergy, damage tissues.
2.Effects of Hosts on Parasites

host offers some resistance to
injury done by the parasite,

there may be some adaptation
(tolerance) between parasite and host


Every species of animals is naturally
resistant to infection of many different
parasites.

Every species of animals is naturally
resistant to infection of many different
parasites.
Diet or nutritional status of host is
major important in outcome of parasitic
infection. High protein diet is unfavorable
for many intestinal protozoa.
Carbohydrate-rich diet favors some
tapeworms.
Resistance to parasites----

Innate Immunity

Acquired Immunity

(1) Innate Immunity/Innate Barrier
Skin, mucous membrane, placenta.
Phagocytosis of phagocytes.

innate immunity features:
natural heritage,
non-specific,
not very strong.
(2) Acquired Immunity
established by previous infection.
Sterilizing Immunity
Non-Sterilizing Immunity

Sterilizing Immunity
can wipe out the parasite radically,the
clinical symptoms disappear completely,
can acquire long-time specific resistance
to the reinfection of this parasite. E.g.
Leishimania tropical.
absolute sterilizing immunity to
reinfection is rare in protozoa,
probably never in helminths.
Non-Sterilizing Immunity

can wipe out most of the parasite,
but not completely, host can acquire
certain degrees of resistance to the
reinfection. If all of the parasites cleared
radically, the resistance would
disappear completely.

It is a common immunity caused by
many protozoa and helminths.
Non-Sterilizing Immunity includes

premunition

concomitant immunity
Premonition ---
specific immunity to some
protozoa infection,which can
wipe out most of the parasites,
results in clinical recovery and
resistance to the challenge from
same parasites.

concomitant immunity ---
specific immunity to some
helminths infection, which can resist
the subsequent challenge infection
of the larvae of same parasites,
whereas the adults that induce the
response can survive.

Premunition--a specific immunity to
some protozoa infection,which can wipe out
most of the parasites,results in clinical
recovery and resistance to the challenge
from same parasites.

Concomitant immunity-- a specific
immunity to some helminths infection, which
can resist the subsequent challenge infection
of the larvae of same parasites,whereas the
adults that induce the response can survive.
3. Interaction of Parasites and Hosts
A<B, parasites are cleared.
A=B, cleared partially,carrier
A>B, parasitic disease.
resist (B)
harm (A)
HOST
Disease
Parasitic Disease
INTRODUCTION

1. Basic Factors of Transmission
Infective source: patients, carriers, reservoir
hosts(dog, pig, cat, cattle, rat, etc.).
Susceptible hosts: common people without
specific immunity.
Susceptible hosts: common people without
specific immunity.
Pathways of transmission: path from
infective source to susceptible hosts.It includes
contaminated food and water, polluted soil,
direct contact, biting of arthropods, congenital
infection from pregnant mother to fetus in the
uterus.
2. Infection of Parasites
Stage of infection: a stage of a parasite, which
can invade the human body and establish infection.


Method of infection: methods by which a
parasite invades the human body.Such as by
ingesting of contaminated food and drink water,
flesh, aquatic plants; by invading of the skin or
mucous membrane; by the biting of insects vectors.


Method of infection: methods by which a
parasite invades the human body.Such as by
ingesting of contaminated food and drink water,
flesh, aquatic plants; by invading of the skin or
mucous membrane; by the biting of insects vectors.

Entry of infection: the avenue through which a
parasite enters human body. E.g., mouth, skin,
placenta, respiration duct, genital canal, blood
vessel, etc.
3. Epidemiological features
Endemic
Climate factors (temperature, humidity ),
Biologic factors (vectors and intermediate hosts),
Living habits and modes or conditions of working.
Distribution of West African or Gambian Sleeping Sickness
and East African or Rhodesian Sleeping Sickness
The distribution of tsetse fly and cattle raising areas

helminth
Endemic
Seasonal
Distribution and population of vectors and of
intermediate hosts vary with different seasons.
Different modes of working at different seasons.
Endemic
Seasonal
Distribution and population of vectors and of
intermediate hosts vary with different seasons.
Different modes of working at different seasons.
Zoonosis
A parasite can live in animal and human body.
Reservoir hosts is the source of infection to man.

4. Prophylaxis Principles
(1) Eradicate infective sources
therapy patients and carriers,
therapy or kill reservoir hosts

(2) Block transmission routes
proper dispose of feces,
mange water resource.
control vectors and intermediate hosts.

(2) Block transmission routes
proper dispose of feces,
mange water resource.
control vectors and intermediate hosts.
(3) Protect susceptible individuals
improve personal hygiene
change bad eating and working habits,
improve working modes and conditions,
drug prophylaxis.

1.Habitat inside the human host.
2.Morphology and life cycle(staining methods
and cultivation).
3.Modes of infection: Reservoir host, sources of
infection, portal of entry, vehicle of
transmission.
4.Effects of the parasite; Pathogenic lesions,
Clinical manifestations.
5.Immunological responses.
6.Methods for specific diagnosis.
7.Approved therapy for eradication of the
parasitic infection.
8. Geographical distribution. Prophylactic
measures for the prevention of parasitic
infection of the individual as well as of the
community.
Scheme Followed in Parasitological Studies

Introduction of Parasitology

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Introduction of Parasitology

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