GNG 1105

Chap. 8 Friction
Prof.: Philippe Girault
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were either frictionless
(surfaces could move freely with respect to each other) or rough (tangential forces
prevent relative motion between surfaces).
Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces in contact,
tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if one attempts to move one
relative to the other.
However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not prevent motion if
sufficiently large forces are applied.
The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter of degree.
There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid friction. Fluid
friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The present discussion is limited to dry
friction between non-lubricated surfaces.
Introduction
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
Block of weight W placed on horizontal surface. Forces
acting on block are its weight and reaction of surface N.
Small horizontal force P applied to block. For block to
remain stationary, in equilibrium, a horizontal component F
of the surface reaction is required. F is a static-friction
force.
As P increases, the static-friction force F increases as well
until it reaches a maximum value F
m
.
N F
s m
=
Further increase in P causes the block to begin to move as
F drops to a smaller kinetic-friction force F
k
.
N F
k k
=
The Laws of Dry Friction
8 - 7
Maximum static-friction force:
N F
s m
=
Kinetic-friction force:
s k
k k
N F


75 . 0 ~
=
Maximum static-friction force and kinetic-friction
force are:
- proportional to normal force
- dependent on type and condition of contact
surfaces
- independent of contact area
The Laws of Dry Friction (Contd)
8 - 8
Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact with a horizontal
surface:
No friction,
(P
x
= 0)
No motion,
(P
x
< F
m
)
Motion impending,
(P
x
= F
m
)
Motion,
(P
x
> F
m
)
The Laws of Dry Friction (Contd)
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force N and
friction force F by their resultant R:
No friction Motion impending No motion
s s
s m
s
N
N
N
F
|

|
=
= =
tan
tan
Motion
k k
k k
k
N
N
N
F
|

|
=
= =
tan
tan
Angles of Friction
Consider block of weight W resting on board with variable inclination
angle u.
No friction No motion Motion impending Motion
Angles of Friction(Contd)
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
|
|
u | | u
u
sin cos
cos
sin
cos tan
cos
W W W F If
W N F
s
s
s f s
f
= = = =
= =
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
All applied forces known
Coefficient of static friction is
known
Determine whether body will
remain at rest or slide
All applied forces known
Motion is impending
Determine value of coefficient of
static friction.
Coefficient of static friction
is known
Motion is impending
Determine magnitude or
direction of one of the
applied forces
Problems Involving Dry Friction
A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block
placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients of
friction between the block and plane are
s
= 0.25
and
k
= 0.20. Determine whether the block is in
equilibrium and find the value of the friction force.
SOLUTION:
Determine values of friction force and normal
reaction force from plane required to maintain
equilibrium.
Calculate maximum friction force and compare
with friction force required for equilibrium. If
it is greater, block will not slide.
If maximum friction force is less than friction
force required for equilibrium, block will slide.
Calculate kinetic-friction force.
Sample Problem 8.1
SOLUTION:
Determine values of friction force and normal reaction force
from plane required to maintain equilibrium.
: 0 =

x
F ( ) 0 N 300 - N 100
5
3
= F
N 80 = F
: 0 =

y
F ( ) 0 N 300 -
5
4
= N
N 240 = N
Calculate maximum friction force and compare with friction
force required for equilibrium. If it is greater, block will not
slide.
( ) N 60 N 240 25 . 0 = = =
m s m
F N F
The block will slide down the plane.
Sample Problem 8.1(Contd)
If maximum friction force is less than friction force required for
equilibrium, block will slide. Calculate kinetic-friction force.
( ) N 240 20 0
N
.
F F
k k actual
=
= =
N 48 =
actual
F
Sample Problem 8.1(Contd)
Sample Problem 8.2
Sample Problem 8.2(Contd)
Sample Problem 8.2(Contd)
Sample Problem 8.2(Contd)
The moveable bracket shown may be placed at any
height on the 3-cm diameter pipe. If the
coefficient of friction between the pipe and
bracket is 0.25, determine the minimum distance x
at which the load can be supported. Neglect the
weight of the bracket.
SOLUTION:
When W is placed at minimum x, the bracket is
about to slip and friction forces in upper and lower
collars are at maximum value.
Apply conditions for static equilibrium to find
minimum x.
Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
When W is placed at minimum x, the bracket is about to slip and friction
forces in upper and lower collars are at maximum value.
B B s B
A A s A
N N F
N N F
25 . 0
25 . 0
= =
= =

Apply conditions for static equilibrium to find minimum x.

: 0 =

x
F 0 =
A B
N N
A B
N N =
: 0 =

y
F
W N
W N N
W F F
A
B A
B A
=
= +
= +
5 . 0
0 25 . 0 25 . 0
0
W N N
B A
2 = =
: 0 =

B
M ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 5 . 1 2 75 . 0 2 6
0 5 . 1 25 . 0 3 6
0 cm 5 . 1 cm 3 cm 6
=
=
=
x W W W
x W N N
x W F N
A A
A A
cm 12 = x
Sample Problem 8.3(Contd)
1. Introduction
2. The Laws of Dry Frictions
3. Angle of Friction
4. Problems involving Dry Friction
5. Wedges
Agenda
Wedges - simple machines
used to raise heavy loads.
Force required to lift block
is significantly less than
block weight.
Friction prevents wedge
from sliding out.
Want to find minimum
force P to raise block.
Block as free-body
0
: 0
0
: 0
2 1
2 1
= +
=
= +
=

N N W
F
N N
F
s
y
s
x

or
0
2 1
= + + W R R

( )
( ) 0 6 sin 6 cos
: 0
0
6 sin 6 cos
: 0
3 2
3 2
= +
=
= +

=

s
y
s s
x
N N
F
P
N N
F

Wedge as free-body
or
0
3 2
= + R R P

Wedges
Square-threaded screws frequently used in jacks, presses, etc. Analysis
similar to block on inclined plane. Recall friction force does not depend
on area of contact.
Thread of base has been unwrapped and shown as straight line.
Slope is 2tr horizontally and lead L vertically.
Moment of force Q is equal to moment of force P.
r Pa Q =
Impending motion
upwards. Solve for Q.
Self-locking, solve for
Q to lower load.
, u | >
s
Non-locking, solve
for Q to hold load.
, u | <
s
Wedges-Square-Threaded Screws
Sample Problem 8.4
Sample Problem 8.4(Contd)
Sample Problem 8.4(Contd)
A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood
together as shown. The clamp has a double
square thread of mean diameter equal to 10 mm
with a pitch of 2 mm. The coefficient of friction
between threads is
s
= 0.30.
If a maximum torque of 40 N*m is applied in
tightening the clamp, determine (a) the force
exerted on the pieces of wood, and (b) the torque
required to loosen the clamp.
SOLUTION
Calculate lead angle and pitch angle.
Using block and plane analogy with impending
motion up the plane, calculate the clamping force
with a force triangle.
With impending motion down the plane, calculate
the force and torque required to loosen the clamp.
Sample Problem 8.5
SOLUTION
Calculate lead angle and pitch angle. For the double threaded
screw, the lead L is equal to twice the pitch.
( )
30 . 0 tan
1273 . 0
mm 10
mm 2 2
2
tan
= =
= = =
s s
r
L
|
t t
u = 3 . 7 u
= 7 . 16
s
|
Using block and plane analogy with impending motion up the plane,
calculate clamping force with force triangle.
kN 8
mm 5
m N 40
m N 40 =

= = Q r Q
( )

= = +
24 tan
kN 8
tan W
W
Q
s
| u
kN 97 . 17 = W
Sample Problem 8.5(Contd)
With impending motion down the plane, calculate the force and
torque required to loosen the clamp.
( ) ( ) = = 4 . 9 tan kN 97 . 17 tan Q
W
Q
s
u |
kN 975 . 2 = Q
( )( )
( )( ) m 10 5 N 10 975 . 2
mm 5 kN 975 . 2
3 3
=
= = r Q Torque
m N 87 . 14 = Torque
Sample Problem 8.5(Contd)