Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.

1
Electric Motors and Generators

Introduction

A Simple AC Generator

A Simple DC Generator

DC Generators or Dynamos

AC Generators or Alternators

DC otors

AC otors

!ni"ersal otors

Electrical ac#ines $ A Summary

C#apter 2%
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2
Introduction

In t#is lecture &e consider "arious 'orms o' rotatin(

electrical machines

)#ese can *e di"ided into:

$
generators $ &#ic# con"ert mec#anical ener(y into
electrical ener(y
$
motors $ &#ic# con"ert electrical ener(y into
mec#anical ener(y

+ot# types operate t#rou(# t#e interaction *et&een a

magnetic field and a set o' windings
2%,-
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.3
A Simple AC Generator

.e noted earlier t#at /araday0s la& dictates t#at i' a

coil o' N turns e1periences a c#an(e in ma(netic
'lu12 t#en t#e induced "olta(e V is (i"en *y

I' a coil o' area A rotates &it# respect to a 'ield B2

and i' at a particular time it is at an an(le to t#e
'ield2 t#en t#e 'lu1 lin3in( t#e coil is BAcos2 and t#e
rate o' c#an(e o' 'lu1 is (i"en *y
2%,2
t

N V
d
d
=
( )


cos cos
d
d
d
sin d
= = =
t t
BA
dt
d
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.

)#us 'or t#e arran(ement s#o&n *elo&

t

N V
d
d
=
( )

cos
d
sin d
d
d
NBA
t
NBA
t

N V = = =
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.!

)#ere'ore t#is arran(ement produces a sinusoidal

output as s#o&n *elo&
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23."

.ires connected to
t#e rotatin( coil
&ould (et t&isted

)#ere'ore &e use

circular slip rings
&it# slidin(
contacts called
#rushes
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.$
A Simple %C Generator

)#e alternatin( si(nal 'rom t#e earlier AC (enerator

could *e con"erted to DC usin( a recti'ier

A more e''icient approac# is to replace t#e t&o slip

rin(s &it# a sin(le split slip rin( called a commutator
$
t#is is arran(ed so t#at connections to t#e coil are
re"ersed as t#e "olta(e 'rom t#e coil c#an(es polarity
$
#ence t#e "olta(e across t#e *rus#es is o' a sin(le
polarity
$
addin( additional coils produces a more constant output
2%,%
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.&

'se o( a commutator
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.)

A simple generator *ith t*o coils

Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1+

)#e ripple can *e 'urt#er reduced *y t#e use o' a

cylindrical iron core and *y s#apin( t#e pole pieces
$
t#is produces an
appro1imately
uni'orm 'ield in t#e
narro& air (ap
$
t#e arran(ement
o' coils and core
is 3no&n as t#e
armature
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.11
%C Generators or %,namos

Practical %C generators or d,namos can ta3e a

num*er o' 'orms dependin( on #o& t#e ma(netic
'ield is produced
$
can use a permanent magnet
$
more o'ten it is (enerated electrically usin( (ield coils

current in t#e 'ield coils can come 'rom an e1ternal supply

$ t#is is 3no&n as a separatel, e-cited generator

*ut usually t#e 'ield coils are dri"en 'rom t#e (enerator output
$ t#is is called a sel(.e-cited generator
$
o'ten use multiple poles #eld in place *y a steel tu*e
called t#e stator
2%,4
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.12

A (our.pole %C generator
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.13

/ield coil e-citation

$
sometimes t#e 'ield coils are connected in series &it#
t#e armature2 sometimes in parallel 4shunt5 and
sometimes a com*ination o' t#e t&o 4compound5
$
t#ese di''erent 'orms
produce sli(#tly
di''erent
c#aracteristics
$
dia(ram #ere
s#o&s a
shunt.*ound
generator
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1

%C generator characteristics
$
"ary sli(#tly *et&een 'orms
$
e1amples s#o&n #ere are 'or a s#unt6&ound (enerator
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1!
AC Generators or Alternators

Alternators do not re7uire commutation

$
t#is allo&s a simpler construction
$
t#e field coils are made to rotate &#ile t#e armature
&indin(s are stationary

Note: t#e armature &indin(s are t#ose t#at produce t#e output
$
t#us t#e lar(e #ea"y armature *indings are in t#e
stator
$
t#e li(#ter (ield coils are mounted on t#e rotor and
direct current is 'ed to t#ese *y a set o' slip rin(s
2%,8
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1"

A (our.pole alternator
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1$

As &it# DC (enerators multiple poles and sets o'

&indin(s are used to impro"e e''iciency
$
sometimes t#ree sets o' armature &indin(s
are spaced -20 apart around t#e stator to 'orm
a three.phase generator

)#e e,m,', produced is in sync &it# rotation o' t#e

rotor so t#is is a s,nchronous generator
$
i' t#e (enerator #as a sin(le set o' poles t#e output
're7uency is e7ual to t#e rotation 're7uency
$
i' additional pole6pairs are used t#e 're7uency is
increased accordin(ly
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1&
E-ample $ see E-ample 23.2 'rom course te1t
A 'our6pole alternator is re7uired to operate at 90 :;,
.#at is t#e re7uired rotation speed<
A 'our6pole alternator #as t&o pole pairs, )#ere'ore
t#e output 're7uency is t&ice t#e rotation speed,
)#ere'ore to operate at 90:;2 t#e re7uired speed
must *e 90=2 > %0:;, )#is is e7ui"alent to %0 90 >
-?00 rpm,
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.1)
%C Motors

.#en current 'lo&s in a conductor it produces a

ma(netic 'ield a*out it 6 as s#o&n in 4a5 *elo&
$
&#en t#e current6carryin( conductor is &it#in an
e1ternally (enerated ma(netic 'ield2 t#e 'ields interact
and a 'orce is e1erted on t#e conductor 6 as in 4*5
2%,9
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2+

)#ere'ore i' a conductor lies &it#in a ma(netic 'ield:

$
motion o' t#e conductor produces an electric current
$
an electric current in t#e conductor &ill (enerate motion

)#e reciprocal nature o' t#is relations#ip means t#at2

'or e1ample2 t#e DC (enerator a*o"e &ill 'unction as a
DC motor
$
alt#ou(# mac#ines desi(ned as motors are more
e''icient in t#is role

)#us t#e 'our6pole DC (enerator s#o&n earlier could

e7ually &ell *e a 'our6pole DC motor
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.21

%C motor characteristics
$
many 'orms $ eac# &it# sli(#tly di''erent c#aracteristics
$
a(ain can *e permanent magnet2 or series.*ound2
shunt.*ound or compound *ound
$
'i(ure *elo& s#o&s a s#unt6&ound DC motor
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.22
AC Motors

AC motors can *e di"ided into t&o main 'orms:

$
s,nchronous motors
$
induction motors

:i(#6po&er "ersions o' eit#er type in"aria*ly operate

'rom a three.phase suppl,2 *ut sin(le6p#ase
"ersions o' eac# are also &idely used $ particularly
in a domestic settin(
2%,@
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.23

S,nchronous motors
$
Aust as a DC (enerator can *e used as a DC motor2 so
AC (enerators 4or alternators5 can *e used as
s,nchronous AC motors
$
three phase motors use t#ree sets o' stator coils

t#e rotatin( ma(netic 'ield dra(s t#e rotor around &it# it

$
single phase motors re7uire some startin( mec#anism
$
tor7ue is only produced &#en t#e rotor is in sync &it#
t#e rotatin( ma(netic 'ield

not sel(.starting $ may *e con'i(ured as an induction motor

until its (ets up to speed2 t#en *ecomes a sync#ronous motor
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2

Induction motors
$
t#ese are per#aps t#e most important 'orm o' AC motor
$
rat#er t#an use slip rin(s to pass current to t#e 'ield
coils in t#e rotor2 current is induced in t#e rotor *y
trans'ormer action
$
t#e stator is similar to t#at in a sync#ronous motor
$
t#e rotor is simply a set o' parallel conductors s#orted
to(et#er at eit#er end *y t&o conductin( rin(s
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2!

A s0uirrel.cage induction motor

Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2"

In a three.phase induction motor t#e t#ree p#ases

produce a rotatin( ma(netic 'ield 4as in a t#ree6p#ase
sync#ronous motor5
$
a stationary conductor &ill see a "aryin( ma(netic 'ield
and t#is &ill induce a current
$
current is induced in t#e 'ield coils in t#e same &ay t#at
current is induced in t#e secondary o' a trans'ormer
$
t#is current turns t#e rotor into an electroma(net &#ic#
is dra((ed around *y t#e rotatin( ma(netic 'ield
$
t#e rotor al&ays (oes sli(#tly slo&er t#an t#e ma(netic
'ield $ t#is is t#e slip o' t#e motor
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2$

In single.phase induction motors ot#er tec#ni7ues

must *e used to produce t#e rotatin( ma(netic 'ield
$
"arious tec#ni7ues are used leadin( to "arious 'orms
o' motor suc# as

capacitor motors

s#aded6pole motors
$
suc# motors are ine1pensi"e and are &idely used in
domestic applications
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2&
'ni1ersal Motors

.#ile most motors operate 'rom eit#er AC or DC2

some can operate 'rom eit#er

)#ese are uni1ersal motors and resem*le series6

&ound DC motors2 *ut are desi(ned 'or *ot# AC and
DC operation
$
typically operate at #i(# speed 4usually B -02000 rpm5
$
o''er #i(# po&er6to6&ei(#t ratio
$
ideal 'or porta*le e7uipment suc# as #and drills and
"acuum cleaners
2%,?
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.2)
Electrical Machines 2 A Summar,

3o*er generation is dominated #, AC machines

$
ran(e 'rom automoti"e alternators to t#e sync#ronous
(enerators used in po&er stations
$
e''iciency increases &it# si;e 4up to C?D5

4oth %C and AC motors are used

$
#i(#6po&er motors are usually AC2 t#ree6p#ase
$
domestic applications o'ten use sin(le6p#ase induction
motors
$
DC motors are use'ul in control applications
2%,C
Storey: Electrical & Electronic Systems Pearson Education Limited 2004 OHT 23.3+
5e, 3oints

Electrical mac#ines include *ot# (enerators and motors

otors can usually 'unction as (enerators2 and "ice "ersa

Electrical mac#ines can *e di"ided into AC and DC 'orms

)#e rotation o' a coil in a uni'orm ma(netic 'ield produces a

sinusoidal e,m,', )#is is t#e *asis o' an AC (enerator

A commutator can *e used to produce a DC (enerator

)#e ma(netic 'ield in an electrical mac#ine is normally

produced electrically usin( 'ield coils

DC motors are o'ten similar in 'orm to DC (enerators

Some 'orms o' AC (enerator can also *e used as motors

)#e most &idely used 'orm o' AC motor is t#e induction

motor