PHASE 2:

DESIGN AND PLANNING

PHASE
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
B. Non-experimental research
A. BASIC OR LIBRARY RESEARCH
B. APPLIED OR ACTION RESEARCH
1. Basic or Library Research

This is intended to increase knowledge in
science for the purpose of knowing and learning the
truth.
It is also called pure research for purposes of
generating new knowledge for knowledge sake.

Basic research includes:
1. Reading books and literatures.
2. Listening to discussions
3. Journal analysis
4. Browsing articles from the internet and website.
5. Teleconferencing

2. Applied research/action
research
It is a scientific investigation conducted to generate
knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical
purposes.
This can provide evidence-based data since its findings
seeks solutions to immediate problems that have been
identified by the clients and the nurse in the actual setting.

Findings of action research can also help in making
decisions or predict and control outcomes in real-
life practice.

Types of Applied Research
A. HISTORICAL DESIGN
B. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
1. Historical Design
A critical investigation and analysis of events,
developments and experiences of the past.
It describes past events in relation to the present
situations and then analyzes and interprets the implications
of past events to present trends or practices.
Example: The evolution of nursing practice from the time of
Florence Nightingale to the present century.

2. Descriptive design
A study that describes the nature of the phenomenon
under investigation after a survey of current trends,
practices and conditions that relate to that
phenomenon.
Descriptive studies involve analysis of an extremely
broad range of phenomena, the result of such analysis
are a comprehensive presentation and interpretation
of statistical tabulations of data yielded by a survey.

Types of DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN


1. Descriptive Normative 7. Case study
surveys
2. Correlational 8. Content analysis
3. Comparative 9. Feasibility study
4. Descriptive Evaluative 10. Cross-sectional
Methodological studies study

5. Problem-Solving
6. Decision-making 11. Longitudinal design




1. Descriptive Normative Survey

It is a self-reported data which are collected from
samples for purposes of exploring and describing real-life
situations.
It provides an accurate account of the characteristics of
that particular situation, individuals or groups in a
population.
Surveys are done thru phone, mail, or personal contact
with subjects.
Data collection is mostly done thru questionnaires and
interviews.
2. Correlational studies
This examines the extent of relationship between
variables by determining how changes in one variable relate
to changes in another variable.
This is also called Explanatory research this explains
why something happened.

Example: How is X related to Y?
As X increases, does Y also increase?

Correlation coefficient
This data determines the extent and direction of the
relationship between 2 variables conducted through + or
correlation using a range of 1.00 (perfect negative correlation
to 1.00 (perfect positive correlation).
A correlation of 0.0 indicates the nonexistence of a
relationship between variables.

Positive or direct relationship means that as the value of one
variable increase, the value of the other variable also
increases.
Negative relationship or inverse relationship indicates that
as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other
variable decreases.

Example:
Is there any correlation between anxiety and nurse licensure
exams among baccalaureate nursing graduates?
Correlation: As anxiety is higher, the scores in the licensure
exam is lower (negative relationship).
As anxiety gets lower, the scores in the licensure exam is also
lower (positive relationship).
3. Comparative studies
This examines 2 or more intact groups to find out the
difference in their performance between and among them in
certain dependent variables of interest.
There is no manipulation of independent variables
because characteristics of the subjects are inherent such as
personality type, educational level and medical condition.

Example:
A study between College X and College Y nursing graduates
class 2010 and their performance in nursing licensure
examination.
This study is comparative and correlational as regards to
X and Y groups performance on the dependent variable which
is board examination rating.
COMPARATIVE STUDY IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO:
A. Descriptive study
Example: Is there any significant difference in readiness to
learn about pre-operative teaching between pre-op patients who
have high anxiety levels, compared to pre-op patients who have
low anxiety levels?
B. Experimental Study
Example: Is there any significant difference in the pre-op
anxiety levels of patients who were exposed to relaxation
techniques (experimental group) and those who were not exposed
to these techniques ( control group).
4. DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE SURVEYS /METHODOLOGICAL
STUDIES
These studies are concerned with the development,
testing and evaluation of methods, procedures, guidelines and
instruments after which an evaluative judgment is done.
This is also used to revise, modify existing programs or
develop more effective programs, methods and procedures in
nursing for more efficient and effective delivery of health care.
Example:
This study aims to test the viability, quality or effectiveness
of a product, program, method or procedure and answer
specific questions such as:
a. Training programs for new graduate nurses and their
Clinical Proficiency.
b. Community Health Programs and the incidence of
Dengue Fever in Sampaloc, Manila
5. PROBLEM-SOLVING
All researches are investigations leading to the solutions
of a problem
The researchers make assessments of needs and
problems and generates alternative solutions to problems.
The objective is to improve specific problem situations
derived from reliable and accurate data.
Example:
1. How much nursing care does a particular patient need?
2. How often is it necessary to take vital signs of a patient in
labor?
3. How can a nurse make the patient feel satisfied with
nursing care given to him?
6. DECISION-MAKING
This study selects the most feasible course of action
from given alternatives to solve the problem
It is useful in policy making and in improving the image
of nursing as a profession.
Examples:
a. Should salaries paid to nurses be increased?
b. Is the 12-hour work shift more effective than the 8-
hour shift in solving staffing patterns?
7. CASE STUDY
This is an in-depth study of a single case or limited number of
typical, interconnected cases intended to interpret their
behavior relative to the occurrence of certain events or
phenomenon of interest to the nursing disciplines.
Example: A case study of a patient with problems of
oxygenation (COPD).
It is done to analyze the medical, and personal-
social history of the patient in relation to the pathophysiology
of the disease process and appropriate nursing interventions of
the same case.
8. CONTENT ANALYSIS
This is the process of synthesizing or dissecting
information and messages embodied in documents.
Information and messages are clustered to determine
the ideals and standards of professional nursing practice.
Example: The Practical Implementations of Phil Nursing
Law (RA 9173 of 2002) provisions for Nursing Education
and Nursing Service.
9. FEASIBILITY STUDY
This study is conducted to determine the viability of an
undertaking or a business venture and establishing an
institution or constructing infrastructure.
Example: A. A feasibility study on Nursing Entrepreneurship
in the Philippines Setting.
B. Credentialing of nurse clinicians and its impact to the
nursing profession and the society.
10. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS
This study will assess the subjects at a single time in their
lives.
It is fast and can be done at one time with a large number of
patients at little cost or effort.
The researcher does not have to worry about patients
dropping out during the course of the study.

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES cont.
This study is efficient at identifying association of
relationships, but may have trouble in deciding cause and
effect.
It provides a snapshot of the variables of the study at
one particular time.
It may reveal these variables are represented in a cross-
section of a population.
It generally uses survey techniques to gather data.
11. LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS
These studies collect data overlong periods of time.
Measurements are taken on each variable over 2 or more
distinct time periods.
This allows the researcher to measure change
variables over time.
TYPES OF LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS
1. Trend studies investigates samples from a population
are studied over time with respect to some phenomenon of
interest to the researcher.
Example: Studies on maternal compliance to breastfeeding
and newborn screening as health care policy.
2. PANEL DESIGNS
This study collects repeated measurements from the same
people or subjects over time.
It reveals changes at the individual level.
Example: Repeated measurements and analysis of variations
in health services and practices, causes and effects.
3. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
They are usually undertaken to determine the subsequent
status of subjects with a specified condition or those who
received a specified intervention.
Example: Follow-up on post-natal health care activities and
complications arising. (contrceptive method of BTL tying
method)