SYPHILIS

B Y : A L I H A S S A N
? - ?
Syphilis.
is a contagious bacterial infection that
is transmitted through contact with an
chancre on an infected person, usually
during intimate sexual contact
History
1493
1526
?
Origins
- origin of syphilis has not been agreed on by researchers
1.Christopher Columbus and his crew or other explorers brought it back with them from the
new world.
2. Syphilis was always present in the old world but it wasnt yet identified as a separate disease
from leprosy.
3.Syphilis developed from the related diseases bejel and yaws.
1495
1500
Christopher Columbus and his
crew returns from the new world
possibly carrying syphilis
Fernandez de Oviedo was the first person
to mention the American origin
of syphilis
# of cases in Europe reach
epidemic proportions
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/columbus/older-columbus.gif
Christopher Columbus
The first reference to the French sickness is made
during Charles VIIIs Italian campaign
1514
1530
The disease recieves the name syphilis
from a poem entitled Syphilis Sive
Morbus Gallicus by Jerome Francastor
A complete description of the French sickness was
given by Juan de Virgo
History
1996
the rising occurrence of syphilis around
the world causes hope of eradicating the disease
to lessen after being raised by the success of penicillin
1964-1965
so few cases that the medical and
scientific community is prepared to
consider it erradicated
2001
of cases on the rise in western countries
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio.html
1928
Sir Alexander Fleming discovers
penicillin while working on the
influenza virus.
1905
Treponema Pallidum, the bacteria that
causes syphilis is discovered on March 3
in Berlin by Chauvinand Hoffmann
Sir Alexander Fleming
DISEASE - CASE!"ENE#AL IN$%
classifed as an STI (sexually
transmitted infection)
caused by the bacterium Treponema
Pallidum

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contracted through contact with a
chancre during sexual contact or
passed from mother to baby called
congenital syphilis
progresses through stages! primary,
secondary, latent and tertiary stages
stages get progressi"ely worse if left
untreated
highly contagious
potentially fatal
http://www.uveitis.org/images/syphil1.jpg
Treponema Pallidum
Dis*'s* - Sy0&to0s
not all people show "isible signs of the
disease at the beginning
#rimary Stage
a small painless ulcer li$e sore called a chancre
appears at the site of initial infection
chancre usually appears %&' wee$s after the
initial infection
a rash near the chancre may also appear
the chancre may go unnoticed because of the
location in the mouth, anus, "agina or throat
usually disappears in &( wee$s without
treatment
the bacteria is still multiplying in the body
contagious
chancre
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Secondary Stage
begins a few wee$s to months after the chancre heals

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bacteria has spread to the blood
most contagious stage
resol"es in %&( wee$s without
treatment
Dis*'s* - Sy0&to0s
http://www.ratsteachmicro.com/Assets/Syphilis/syphilis/poem.jpg
http://www.worldsbest-sexual-health-site.com/images/Hand.jpg
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Dis*'s* - Sy0&to0s
)atent Stage
characteri*ed by the lac$ of symptoms
no symptoms may appear for months or
years
syphilis is still ali"e in the body
bacteria starts to damage the internal
organs! brain, heart, sexual organs
damage can go unnoticed until the next
stage
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Dis*'s* - Sy0&to0s
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NEUROSYPHILIS
Divided into 5 groups, which may overlap:

Asymptomatic neurosyphilis

Syphilitic meningitis

Meningovascular syphilis

General paresis

Tabes dorsalis

SYPHILI=IC @ENEN"I=IS
+,-septic meningitis. at any One year after primary stage.
CSF shows:

Lymphocytic pleocytosis

Elevated protein and usually normal glucose

concentrations

VDRL test is usually reactive.

It can mimic tuberculous or fungal meningitis or
aseptic meningitis of various causes.
Often involves the base of the brain and may result
in unilateral or bilateral cranial nerve palsies.
Without treatment, syphilitic meningitis usually
resolves, like the other manifestations o8 *'r(y sy&)i(is
CA#DI%AASCLA# SYPHILIS
/a5-10 years after initial infection.
Primarily aortic insufficiency and aortic aneurysm of the
ascending aorta. Other large arteries may sometimes be
involved, and rarely the coronary ostia may be involved.
Caused by obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum
with resultant damage to the intima & media of the great
vessels, causing dilatation of the ascending aorta and
eventually results in stretching of the ring of the aortic
valve, producing aortic insufficiency. The valve cusps
remain normal.
Asymptomatic aortitis is best diagnosed by visualizing
linear calcifications in the wall of the ascending aorta.
More common in men than in women and possibly in
blacks than in whites.
hard to diagnose because the
symptoms are similar to other
diseases such as the 0u
di1erent tests used for the di1erent
stages
primary stage & physical
examination, description of
symptoms ta$en, 0uid from
chancre ta$en and examined
secondary stage & blood tests
tertiary stage & spinal tap may be
re2uired in case of neurosyphilis
Di'.,osis
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http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/cstap/images/IMG_1457.jpg
=ES=S $%# SYPHILIS
Dark field Microscopy
VDRL, RPR
FTA-ABS, MHA-TP
Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)
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FTA-ABS
Used as a confirmatory tests.
Sensitivity and specificity high.

85% of patients with primary syphilis are reactive

99% with secondary syphilis

> 95% with late syphilis (It may be the only test with a positive result for
patients with cardiovascular or neurologic syphilis).
Remains reactive for life in most, despite adequate therapy. Only 15-
25 % of those treated for primary syphilis may turn negative by 2-
3 yrs.
False positive in other treponemal diseases (pinta, yaws..) and other
spirochete diseases (Lyme, leptospirosis)
MHA-TP test (micro haemagglutination assay for T. pallidum;
agglutination of RBCs to which T. pallidum antigens have been
fxed is the basis).
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P#EAEN=I%N
-bstinance is the most e1ecti"e way to pre"ent
the contraction of the disease
practice safe sex
be tested regularly for syphilis if married or
sexually acti"e

1*st 2'y to +*t*/t sy&)i(is *'r(y

get treated if you ha"e it, to pre"ent the spread
a"oid direct contact with blood, sores or bodily
0uid
learn about safe sex and inCection practices
get tested for syphilis if you are pregnant so you
can be treated! won.t pass it on to your baby
If you ha"e it.

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raise awareness of the e1ects of the disease
inform people of safe sex practices in order to
pre"ent the spread
hope to be able to eradicate syphilis using the
abo"e tactics
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#E$E#ENCE PA"E
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