MEE-304

Turbomachines
Unit 3
STEAM AND GAS TURBINES

Lecture 23


Topics to be discussed

Axial turbine stages - Stage velocity triangle, work, single stage
impulse turbine, speed ratio maximum utilization factor,
multistage velocity compounded impulse, multi stage pressure
compounded impulse, reaction stages, degree of reaction, zero
reaction stages, fifty percent reaction stages, hundred percent
reaction, negative reaction, free and forced vortex flow

Inward flow radial turbine stages, IFR Turbine, T-s diagram,
degree of reaction - Steam turbine governing Features of steam
turbine and gas turbine
Axial turbine stages
Stage velocity triangles
From the velocity triangle,
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3 3 3 3
y3 3 3 3 3 3
2 3 2 2 3 3
2 3 2 2 3 3
2
cos w cos
sin w sin
sin( ) sin(90 ) cos
sin( )
cos
cos cos
c c sin w sin
sin sin
(w sin ) (w sin )
x
y y
x
y y
y y
y
c c
c c w u u
c c u
u
c
c w c
w u u
c c c c
c c u u
c
o |
o |
o | | |
o |
|
| o
o |
o o
| |
= =
= = + = +
= =
+

=
= =
= = =
+ = +
+ = + +
+
3 2 2 3 3
2 3 2 3
w sin w sin
y
y y y y
c
c c w w
| | = +
+ = +
x3 x2
2 3
2 3
3 2
y2 y3 x
2 3
2 3 x 2 3
x3 x2
2 3
2 3
3 2
x x 2 3
2 3
2 3 2 3
c c
But w ; and v
cos cos
sin sin
c c c ( )
cos cos
c (tan tan )
c
Similarly, c ; c
cos cos
sin sin
c ( ) c (tan tan )
cos cos
tan tan tan tan
y y
c c
c
| |
| |
| |
| |
o o
o o
| |
o o
o o | |
= =
+ = +
+ = +
= =
+ = +
+ = +
Stage work
.
2 3 2 3
.
2 3
2
2
y3
.
2
2 2
2 2
.
2
2
w ( ( )) ( )
w ( )
Defining the blade-gas speed ratio :
u

c
For axial discharge at exit (c 0)
sin
w ( ) ( )
sin
w ( )
st
y y y y
y y
st
y
st
st
u c c u c c
c c
u
u u
c
c
u u
u u
u
o
o
o
o
= = +
= +
=
=
= =
=
Blade Loading and Flow Coefficients

.
2
.
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
.
2 3 2 3 2
2


( ) (tan tan ) ( )(tan tan )
( )(tan tan ) (tan tan ) (tan ta
st
x
x
st
y y x
st
x
w
u
c
u
c
w u c c uc u
u
c w
u u

|
o o o o
o o | o o | |
=
=
= + = + = +
= = + = + = +
3
n ) |
Stage reaction
The stage reaction is defined as the ratio of the static enthalpy
drop in the rotor to the static enthalpy drop in the stage
Blade and Stage Efficiencies

b
2 2 3 3
.
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 3 2
Blade Efficiency or Utilization factor ( )
rotor blade work
= =
energy supplied to the rotor blades
1 1 1
( ) ( ) (w w )
2 2 2
Energy supplied to the rotor
e
st y y
st
rotorbladework
w u c u c
w u u c c
c
c q
=
= + +
i
2 2 2 2 2
i 2 2 3 3 2
absolute K.E supplied + change in K.E in rotor blades
1 1 1
e ( ) + (w w )
2 2 2
c u u
=
= +
Stage efficiency
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2
2 3
2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2
b
2 2 2
2 3 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) (w w )
2 2 2
1 1 1
( ) + (w w )
2 2 2
,
( ) (w w )
=
c (w w )
u u c c
c u u
for axial machines u u u
c c
c
c q
+ +
=
+
= =
+
=
+
Blade and stage efficiencies are different on account of the
variable energy inputs and losses.
Further, stage efficiency accounts for the stage losses. While,
blade efficiency or blade utilization factor doesnt consider
this.

Single impulse stage
w
3
= w
2

w
2

c
2

c
x2

c
y2

u
c
3

c
x3

c
y3

o
2

2

u
o
3

3

There is no pressure drop in the in the rotor blades, so the
relative velocities at their entry and exit are the same (w
2
=w
3
)
for frictionless flow
So the utilization factor is given by



We have
Also w
2
=w
3
and
2
=
3
2 3 2 2 3 3
w sin w sin
y y
c c | | + = +
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
(2sin ) 4 sin
1
2
4 (c sin )
4( sin )
uw uw
c
c
u u
c
| |
c
o
c o o o
= =

= =
Thus the utilization factor is a
function of the blade-to-gas speed
ratio and the nozzle angle
=f(,
2
)
Maximum Blade Utilization Factor

2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
0
(4 sin 4 ) 0
4sin 8 0
sin

2
sin 2
opt
y
d
d
d
d
u
c
c c u
c
o
o o o
o
o o
o
o
o
=
=
=
= =
= =
So the maximum utilization factor requires the exit from the
stage in the axial direction
C
3
=c
x3
y2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 3 2 3
2 2 3 3
y3 3 3
Also c sin w sin 2
w sin
Since w w ; and [no pressure drop in rotor]
v sin v sin
c w sin 0
c u u
u
u
u u u
o |
|
| |
| |
|
= = + =
=
= =
= =
= = =
w
w
Stage Velocity Triangles for
max


w
3
= w
2

w
2

c
2

c
x2

c
y2
=2u
u
c
x3
=c
3

o
2

2

u

3

o
2
=0
So the maximum utilization factor
2
max 2
2
max 2 2 2
2
max 2
4( sin )
1 1
4( sin .sin sin )
2 4
sin
opt opt
c o o o
c o o o
c o
=
=
=
Multi Stage Velocity Compounding in impulse turbines
(Curtis stages or velocity stages)

N R
1
F R
2

V
p
Velocity
triangles for a
two-stage
velocity
compounded
impulse turbine
with
max
Assumptions for Curtis Stages
1. Equiangular flow through rotor
and guide blade
(
2
=
3
, o
3
=o

2
,

2
=

3
)
2. Frictionless flow over the
blades
w
2
=w
3
, c
3
=c

2
, w

2
=w

3

Such stages are known as Curtis stages or velocity stages
Assumptions for Curtis Stages
Equiangular flow through rotor and guide blade
(
2
=
3
, o
3
= o

2
,

2
=

3
)
Frictionless flow over the blades
w
2
= w
3
, c
3
= c

2
, w

2
= w

3

For maximum utilization factor :
c

y3
= 0; u = w

3
sin

3
= w

2
sin

2

c

y2
= 2u = c

2
sino

2
= c
3
sino
3

c
y3
= 3u = w
3
sin
3
= w
2
sin
2

c
y2
= c
2
sino
2
= w
2
sin
2
+u

c
y2
= 4u




Similarly for a three stage velocity compounded turbine
o
opt
= (1/6) sino
2

For n velocity stages.


o
opt
= u/c
2
= sino
2

o
opt
=(1/2n) sino
2

Work Output
Stage I : w
I
= u(C
y2
+ C
y3
)
= u(w
2
sin
2
+w
3
sin
3
)
= 2uw
2
sin
2
= 6u
2

Stage II
w
II
= 2uw

2
sin

2

w
II
= 2u
2
Total work = 6u
2
+ 2u
2
= 8u
2
.
For an n-stage velocity compounded turbine


Total turbine work

Maximum utilization factor

n
2 2
T i
i=1
w w 2n u = =

2 2
2 2 2 2
max 2
2 2
2 2
2
max 2
2 1
4 4 ( sin )
1 1
2
( )
2 2
sin
T
w n u
n n
n
c c
c o o
c o
= = = =
=
W
i
= 2[2(n-i)+1]u
2

Velocity compounded impulse stages have the following
disadvantages :
Nozzles have to be of the converging-diverging type to
generate high velocities. Hence, blade design is more
difficult and expensive.
High velocity at nozzle exit leads to higher cascade losses
due to the formation of shock waves.
Pressure compounding eliminates these problems by :
Dividing the pressure drop between many stages, and thus
reducing leakage losses.
Lower stage velocities at subsonic speeds also reduce the
stage losses.


Multistage Pressure Compounded Impulse
(Rateau Stages)

N
1

R
1

N
2

R
2

V
p
Reaction Stages

N
R-1
F
R-2
V
p
Enthalpy-entropy diagram
p
1

p
2

2
3
3s
3ss
p
01

p
02

O
1
O
2
h
01
= h
02

Entropy
E
n
t
h
a
l
p
y

1
c
1
2

p
03

p
3

w
a

w
s

p
03s
s
O
3ss

c
2
2

p
03rel

h
02rel
= h
03rel
w
3
2

p
02re
l

2s
c
3
2

I sentropic stage work :
w
s
=h
01
h
03ss
=c
p
(T
01
T
03ss
)
Nozzle :
h
01
=h
02
=h
2
+ c
2
2
[No work transfer]
Actual work
w
a
=h
02
h
03
=h
01
h
03
=c
p
(T
01
T
03
)

Losses due to irreversibility is given by the enthalpy loss
coefficient





Stagnation Pressure Loss coefficient

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
-
( - )
1
2
p
s
N s
c
h h
T T
c
c
= =
3 3
3 3
2
2
3
3
2
-
( - )
1
w
w
2
p
s
R s
c
h h
T T = =
01 02 0
2 2
2 2
( )
1 1
2 2
N
N
p p p
Y
c c
A
= =
02 03 0
2 2
3 3
( )
1 1
w w
2 2
rel rel R
R
p p p
Y

A
= =
R R
For subsonic applications
Y ~
Degree of reaction
2 3
01 03
1 3
2 3
1 3
2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2 2 3
01 03 st 2 2
static enthalpy change in rotor
R =
stagnation enthalpy change in stage
h h
R =
h h
if
h h
R =
h h
1 1
Since h h (w w ) (u u )
2 2
and h h w
y
c c
u c

= +
= =
3 3
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 3
2 2 3 3
2 3 y3
2 2
3 2
2 3
1 1
(w w ) ( )
2 2
R =
For axial turbine with u , and negative swirl (-c )
(w w )
R =
2 ( )
y
y y
y y
u c
u u
u c u c
u
u c c
+

+
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3
2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
y2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2
3 2 2 3 3 2
From velocity triangles
w ( ) tan
Similarly
w tan
w w (tan tan )(tan tan )
But c ( tan ) ( tan ) (tan tan )
w w ( )(tan tan
x y x x
x x
x
y x x x
x y y
c c u c c
c c
c
c c u c u c
c c c
|
|
| | | |
| | | |
| |
= + = +
= +
= +
+ = + + = +
= +
2 3 3 2
3 2
2 3
3 2
m 3 2
)
( )(tan tan )
1
(tan tan )
2 ( ) 2
1
(tan tan ) tan
2
1
where tan (tan tan )
2
x y y
x
y y
m
c c c
c
R
u c c u
R
| |
| |
| | | | |
| | |
+
= =
+
= =
=
2 2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3 2
tan tan
tan tan
1
(tan tan )
2
1
= (tan tan )
2
1 1
R= (tan tan )
2 2
x x
x
x
x
x
x
c c u
u
c
c
R
u
c u
u c
c
u
o |
| o
| |
| o
| o
= +
=
=
+
+
Zero degree reaction stages
Fifty percent reaction stages
Velocity triangles will be symmetric

2
=
3
&

3
=
2
w
2
=c
3
& w
3
=c
2
Utilization factor


Optimum blade to gas speed

opt
=sin
2

Maximum utilization factor

Hundred percent reaction
Negative reaction
MEE-304 TURBOMACHINES
AXIAL TURBINES
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Set 7


Example -1
In an axial turbine stage, the absolute velocity entering and
leaving the stage are in the axial direction. The degree of
reaction is 0.55 and nozzle angle is 22. Calculate the flow
coefficient, loading coefficient and relative flow angles.
Example - 2
Following data refer to a two-stage velocity compounded
impulse turbine operating on hot air :
Flow rate = 1.0 kg/s
Mean blade diameter = 75 cm
Rotational speed = 3600 rpm
Nozzle blade angle = 80 from axial direction
Deviation = 5
Assuming optimum utilization factor and constant axial
velocity, calculate
1. blade to gas speed ratio
2. utilization factor
3. rotor blade air angles at entry and exit in the two stages
4. flow coefficient
5. the loading coefficients in the two stages
6. power developed separately in the two stages
Given :
m = 1 kg/s; d
m
= 75 cm; N = 3600 rpm;
o
2

= 80; = 5


'
2 2
'
2 2
2
2 2
max 2
5
5 80 5 75
1) blade to gas speed ratio
1 1
sin (sin 75) 0.241
4 4
2) Utilization factor
sin sin 75 0.933 (Ans.)
opt
o o o
o o
o o
c o
= =
= = =
= = =
= = =
Solution
2
2
m
2
2
x 2 2
2 2
3
3
3
3) Stage-1
3
tan
d 0.75 3600
; u = =
60 60
141.4 m/s
141.4
c 586.6 m/s
0.241 0.241
c cos 586.6 cos 75 151.82 m/s
3 141.4
tan 70.31
151.82
3
Similarly tan
y
x x
opt
m
y
x
c u
u
c c
N u
c
u
u
c
c u
c
|
t t
o
o
| |
|

= =

=
=
= = =
= = =

= =
+
= =
3
3 141.4
151.82
70.31
x
u
c
|

=
=
'
2 '
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
'
3
3
'
3
'
3
Similarly tan
141.4
tan
151.82
42.96
141.4
and tan
151.82
42.96
y
x
x
x
c u
c
u
c
u
c
|
|
|
|
|

=
= =
=
= =
=
x
stage-I 2 3
1
2 2 2
stage-2
2
2 2
. .
2
stage-I 2 3
stage-I
4) Flow coefficient
c 151.82
= = 1.07 (Ans.)
u 141.4
5) Blade loading coefficient
w ( )
(4 2 )
= 6
u
w
(2 0)
and 2
u
6) Power ( ) = m(6 )
P 1
y y
y y
u c c
u u u
u u
u u
u
mu c c u
|

=
+
+
= = =

= = =
= +
=
2
.
2 2
stage-II
.0 6.0 141.4 119.96 kW
P (2 ) = 1.0 2 141.4 39.99 kW m u
=
= =
Example-3
A low pressure turbine within a turbojet engine consists of five
repeating stages. The turbine inlet stagnation temperature is
1200 K and the inlet stagnation pressure is 213 kPa. It operates
with a mass flow of 15 kg/s and generates 6.64 MW of
mechanical power. The stator in each turbine stage turns the
flow 15 at stator inlet to 70 at stator outlet. The turbine mean
radius is 0.46 m and the rotational shaft speed is 5600 rpm.
Calculate the turbine stage loading coefficient and flow
coefficient. Hence show that the reaction is 0.5 and sketch
the velocity triangles for one complete stage.
(take =1.333, R=287.2 J/kgK and c
p
=1150 J/kgK)
Example-4
The high pressure stage of an axial turbine has the following
data :
Degree of reaction = 50%
Exit air angle of the fixed blade ring = 70
Mean diameter of the stage = 1 m
Rotational speed = 3000 rpm
Power developed = 5 MW
Assuming maximum utilization factor determine :
A. Blade to gas speed ratio
B. Utilization factor
C. Flow coefficient
D. Inlet and exit air angles for the rotor
E. Mass flow rate of gas


solution
Given :
R = 50%; o
2
= 70; d
m
= 1 m;
N = 3000 rpm; Power = 5 MW

1. Blade to gas speed ratio
o
opt
= sino
2
= sin70 = 0.9397
2. Utilization factor





2 2
2
max
2 2
2
2sin 2 sin 70
0.937
1 sin 1 sin 70
o
c
o

= = =
+ +
x
m
opt 2
2
2
x 2 2
c
3) Flow coefficient = .
u
d 1 3000
=
60 60
157.1 m/s
157.1
167.2 m/s
0.9397
c cos (167.2 cos 70) 57.19 m/s
57.19
0.364
157.1
opt
x
N
u
u
u u
c
c
c
c
c
u
|
t t
o
o
o
|

=
=
= =
= =
= = =
= = =
2
2
2
3 2
3
3
.
2 3
.
2
tan 57.19 tan 70 157.1
4) tan
57.19
0 (Ans.)
Degree of reaction
1 1
R = (tan tan )
2 2 2
57.19
0 (tan tan 70)
2 157.1
70 (Ans.)
5) Power = 5MW = m ( )
157.1 [( tan ( tan
x
x
x
y y
x x
c u
c
c
u
u c c
m c c
o
|
|
| o
|
|
o |

= =
=
= +
=

=
+
+
6
3
.
6
.
)] 5 10
157.1 [(57.19 tan 70) (57.19 tan 70 157.1)] 5 10
202.52 kg/s
u
m
m
=
+ =
=
u
C
2
=w
3

C
x2

w
2

u
o
2

2

C
x3

w
3

C
3

o
3

3

u
Radial Turbines
Inward flow radial (IFR) turbine
Applications: automotive turbochargers, aircraft auxiliary
power units, expansion units in gas liquefaction and cryogenic
systems
over a limited range of specific speed, IFR turbines provide an
efficiency about equal to that of the best axial-flow turbines.
The significant advantages offered by the IFR turbine
compared with the axial-flow turbine is
the greater amount of work that can be obtained per stage
the ease of manufacture and its superior ruggedness.
In the centripetal turbine energy is transferred from the fluid to
the rotor in passing from a large radius to a small radius.
For the production of positive work the product of uc

at entry
to the rotor must be greater than uc

at rotor exit
This is usually arranged by imparting a large component of
tangential velocity at rotor entry, using single or multiple
nozzles, and allowing little or no swirl in the exit absolute
flow.
If the KE at rotor exit is high, a part of it can be recovered by
passing the gas through an exhaust diffuser whose action is
like that of a draught tube in a hydroturbine.

Types of inward flow radial turbine
Cantilever turbine
r2 2 2 2
r2 2 r2 2 2
2
2 2
2
r2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3
3
3 3 3 3 3
From inlet velocity triangle
c (cot cot )
c cot c cot
cot cot
c
Also, tan
c
sin sin
tan
cos
Similarly
sin
tan
cos
r
r
u
u
u
c
u
c c
c u c u
c c
c u c u
u
u
u
o |
| o
| o
|
o o
|
o
o
|
o
=
=
=
=

= =

= =
+ +
Stage work
2 2 3 3
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
w = u
For zero exit swirl, c 0
w = u cos
Pr coefficient
cos cos
cos
sin
cot cot
r
r
c u c
c u c
essure
u c c w
u u u
c
c
u u
u u
u
u
o
o o

o
o
o | o

=
=
= = =
= = =
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
Also,
c cot
1 cot
c
For a rotor with zero exit swirl,
u
1 cot
r
r
u c
c c
u u
u
u
u
|
|

| |
= +
= +
=
= +
2 2 2 3 3 3
.
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
2
2
Continuity equation :
m = =
m ( ) ( )

r r
r r
r
c A c A
V d nt b V d nt b
Flow coefficient
c
u

t t
|
= =
=
The 90 degree IFR turbine
Axial discharge, c
u3
= 0
w = u
2
c
u2
= u
2
c
2
coso
2
= u
2
2

Radial (shock less) entry, c
u2
= u
2,
= w/u
2
2
= 1

.
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
3
m ( ) [ ( ) ]
4
Blade exit height
1
b ( )
2
r x t h
t h
c d nt b c d d nt b
d d
t
t = =
=
01 02
2 2
1 2
1 2
01 02
2
a 02 03 2 3
Since there is no work done in the nozzle:
h h
2 2
Also, assuming no pressure drop in the nozzle
p p
Actual work transfer = Actual change in stagnation enthalpy
1
w h h (
2
c c
h h
c c
=
+ = +
=
= =
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
02 2 2 2 03 3 3 3
2 2
02,rel 2 03,rel 3
1 1
) ( ) (w -w )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(h c ) w u (h c ) w u
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
h u h u
2 2
u u + +
+ = +
=
Stage Efficiency

3
a 01 03 02 03 2 2 3 3 2 2
a 2 2 2
2
2
a 01 03 02 03 2 2
2
a 02
Total-to-Total Efficiency
(Assuming zero swirl at the exit, i.e., c 0)
w
w (1 cot )
Assuming a perfect gas
w ( ) ( ) (1 cot )
w (
r
r
p p
p
h h h h u c u c u c
u c
c
c T T c T T u
u
c T
u
u u u
|
|
=
= = = =
= +
= = = +
=
2 2
03 2 2 2 2
) (1 cot ) T u u | | = + =
03
s 01 03 01
01
1
03
s 01
01
2 2
a 2 2
1 1
s
03
01 01 0
01
Isentropic work :
w [1 ( )]
w [1 ( ) ]
w
w
[1 ( ) ] [1 ]
ss
ss p
p
tt
p p r
T
h h c T
T
p
c T
p
u u
p
c T c T p
p

= =
=
= = =

Total-Static Efficiency

3
a 01 3 02 3 2 2 3 3 2 2
a 2 2 2
2
2
a 01 3 02 3 2 2
2
2 2
a 02 3 2 2 2 2
(Assuming zero swirl at the exit, i.e., c 0)
w
w (1 cot )
Assuming a perfect gas
w ( ) ( ) (1 cot )
w ( ) (1 cot )
r
r
p p
p
h h h h u c u c u c
u c
c
c T T c T T u
u
c T T u u
u
u u u
|
|
| |
=
= = = =
= +
= = = +
= = + =
3
s 01 3 01
01
1
3
s 01
01
2
a 2
1
s
01
01
3
Isentropic work :
w [1 ( )]
w [1 ( ) ]
w
w
[1 ( ) ]
ss
ss p
p
ts
p
T
h h c T
T
p
c T
p
u
p
c T
p

= =
=
= =

Spouting Velocity

It is defined as that velocity which has an associated kinetic
energy equal to the isentropic enthalpy drop from turbine inlet
stagnation pressure p
01
to the final exhaust pressure.
The exhaust pressure here can have several interpretations
depending upon whether total or static conditions are used in
the related efficiency


Total
Static
2
0 01 03
2
03
0 01 03 01
01
1
2
03
0 01
01
1
03
0 01
01
1
2
Assuming a perfect gas
1
( ) (1 )
2
1
[1 ( ) ]
2
c 2 [1 ( )
ss
ss
p ss p
p
p
c h h
T
c c T T c T
T
p
c c T
p
p
c T
p

=
= =
=
=
Total
3
2
0 01 3
1
3
0 01
01
With exit pressure equal to p
1
2
2 [1 ( )
ss
p
c h h
p
c c T
p

=
=
Static
Degree of Reaction

2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2
R
0 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 1
( ) (w w )
( h)
2 2
R =
( h )
From inlet triangle
w ( ) 2
Similarly from the exit triangle
w ( )
stage
r r
r
u u
u c u c
c c u c c u c u
c u c
u u
u u u
u
+
A
=
A
= + = + +
= + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 2
w w ( ) [ 2 ]
w w 2 2
Assuming c 0,
w w (2 )
1 1
( ) ( 2 )
2 2
R =
r r
r r
c u c c c u c u
c u c u c c c u c u
u u u c c
u u u u u c c
u c
u u u
u u u u
u
u u
u u
u
= + + + +
= + + +
=
= +
+ +

2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
1
u
2
R =
1
R=1- ( )
2
1
2
1
Also R = (1- cot )
2
c c
u c
c
u
R
u u
u
u

| |

=
MEE-304 TURBOMACHINES
RADIAL TURBINES
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Set 8


Example-1
A cantilever blade type IFR receives air at p
01
= 3 bar, T
01
=
373 K. Other data for this turbine are :
Rotor tip diameter 50 cm
Rotor exit diameter 30 cm
Speed 7200 rpm
Rotor blade width at entry 3 cm
Air angle at rotor entry 60
Air angle at nozzle exit 25
Nozzle efficiency 97%
Stage pressure ratio (p
01
/p
3
) 2.0
The radial velocity is constant and the swirl at the rotor exit is
zero. Determine : 1)the flow and loading coefficients (2)the
degree of reaction and stage efficiency (
ts
) (3)the air angle
and width at the rotor exit (4)the mass flow rate and power
developed
Given :
p
01
= 3 bar; T
01
= 373 K;
d
t
= 0.5 m; N = 7200 rpm;
d
3
= 0.3 m; b
2
= 3 cm;
o
2
= 25;
2
= 60;

N
= 97%,;
p
01
/p
3
= 2.0.

Soln. Inlet Velocity Triangle





Exit velocity triangle

c
2
w
2

c
r2

o
2

2

c
u2

u
2

c
r3
= c
3

w
3

u
3

3

2
2
r2
r2
r2
2
2
2
2 2
1) flow and loading coefficient
0.5 7200
u 188.5 m/s
60 60 60
c (cot 25 cot60) = 188.5
(2.145 0.58) 188.5
120.44 m/s
120.44
0.639
188.5
1
c cot 25 = 120.44 258.3 m/s
tan25
Si
t
r
r
d N d N
c
c
c
u
c
u
t t t
|

= = = =

=
=
= = =
= =
2 2 3 3 2
2 3
2
2 2
u c u 258.3
milarly 1.37 [ c 0]
u 188.5
c c
u
u u u
u

= = = = =
2. Reaction
2 2
1
R = (1 cot )
2
1
(1 0.639cot 60)
2
0.3155 31.55%
| |
=
= =
Total to static efficiency
02 03 01 03
02 3 01 3
1
0.287
01 01
3
3 3 3
2 2 01 03
2 2
03 01
ts
373
( ) (2.0) 305.7 K
u ( )
188.5 258.3
373 324.55
1005
373-324.6 48.4
71
373 305.7 67.3
ts
s s
s
s s
p
p
h h T T
h h T T
p T
T
p T T
c c T T
u c
T T K
c

u
u
q
q

= =

= = =
=

= = =
= = =

.92%
3
3
3
3
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
rotor exit
120.44
tan
113.1
46.8

( ) ( )
O
r
r r
air angle at
c
u
Width at rotor exit
c d b c d b
|
|
t t
= =
=
=
2
2
2
2 2
2
p
2
2
2
5
3
2
2
2
3 3
5
3
3
3
3
( )
c sin
T 373 373
2c 2
120.44
( )
sin 25
T 373
2 1005
T 332.59 K
1.98 1.01325 10
2.1 kg/m
287 332.59
3
Similarly p 1.5 bar; T 311.02 K
2
1.5 1.01325 10
1.7 kg/m
287 311.02
2.1
r
p
c
c
p
RT
p
RT
o

= =
=

=

= = =

= = =

= = =

3
3
0.5 0.03 1.7 0.3
6.18 cm
b
b
=
=
.
3 3 3 3
.
.
02 03

( )=1.7 120.4 ( 0.3 0.0618)
m 11.92 kg/s
Power
P = m ( ) 11.92 1005 (373 324.6)
Power = 579.81 kW
r
p
mass flow rate
m c d b
c T T
t t =
=
=
Example-2
A single stage ninety degree IFR turbine fitted with an exhaust
diffuser has the following data :
Overall stage pressure ratio 4.0
Temperature at entry 557 K
Diffuser exit pressure 1 bar
Mass flow rate of air 6.5 kg/s
Flow coefficient 0.3
Rotor tip diameter 42 cm
Mean diameter at Rotor exit 21 cm
Speed 18000 rpm
Enthalpy losses in the nozzles and the rest of the stage are
equal. Assuming negligible velocities at the nozzle entry and
diffuser exit, determine : (a) the nozzle exit air angle (b) the
rotor width at the entry (c ) the power developed (d) the stage
efficiency (e) the rotor blade height at the exit (f) Mach
numbers at nozzle and rotor (relative) exits and (g) the nozzle
and rotor loss coefficients.