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Electricity and movement
What is the connection between electricity and movement?
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Energy transfer in the home
Electricity in the home is an
essential source of energy for
many appliances.
In all electrical appliances,
electrical energy is transferred to
other types of energy, for
example:
a fan converts electrical energy into kinetic energy
a speaker converts electrical energy into sound energy
a kettle converts electrical energy into heat energy
How is electrical energy created in the first place?
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How is electrical energy produced?
Most methods of producing electricity involve converting
movement (i.e. kinetic energy) into electrical energy.
How does this key energy transfer take place?
Coal, oil, gas and nuclear
power stations convert kinetic
energy from high-pressure
steam into electrical energy.
Wind turbines convert kinetic
energy from wind into
electrical energy.
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Electricity is created from
the movement of a wire in a
magnetic field, or the
movement of a magnetic
field within a coil of wire.
Creating electricity from movement
In power stations and wind turbines, induction takes place in
generators. Here, a large turbine spins a magnet around
within a set of coils, inducing a large electrical current.
This is called electromagnetic
induction. It was discovered
by Michael Faraday, a British
chemist and physicist, in 1831.
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Electromagnetic induction
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Factors affecting induction
Electricity is induced when a
magnet moves inside a coil
of wire. When the magnet
stops moving, so does the
electrical current.
What factors affect the size of the electrical current induced?
The speed of the magnet the faster it moves, the
larger the current.
The strength of the magnet the stronger the magnet,
the larger the current.
The number of turns in the coil the more turns in the
coil, the larger the current.
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How can motion produce a current?
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Electrical power is the rate at which an electrical appliance
uses electrical energy. All appliances have a power rating.
What is electrical power?
Power is measured in watts (W). 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt
(kW). 1 watt of power means that 1 joule of energy is used
every second.
Appliances that need to create heat,
such as washing machines, cookers,
hair dryers and kettles, usually use
the most power.
TVs, radios and computers usually
use the least amount of power.
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Power is measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).
Current is measured in amps (A).
Voltage is measured in volts (V).
What are the units of power, current and voltage?
What is the formula for electrical power?
power = current x voltage
P = I x V
In electrical devices, power can be calculated using the
formula:
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A formula triangle helps you to rearrange a formula.
The formula triangle for P = IV is shown below.
Cover up whatever quantity you are trying to find to leave
the calculation required.
So to find current (I),
cover up I
which gives
the formula
I =
P
V
Can I use a formula triangle?

x
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A filament bulb has a potential
difference of 200 V across it and a
current of 0.2 A running through it.
How is power calculated?
At what power is the filament bulb
operating?
= 40 W
= 0.2 A x 200 V
P = IV
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Electrical power calculations
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Power is measured in kilowatts (kW) and the time is
measured in hours (h), so what are the units of electricity
measured in?
1 unit of electricity = 1 unit of electrical energy
Example:
How many units of electricity is 17.6 kWh? 17.6 units
The amount of electrical energy (i.e. the amount of electricity)
used by an appliance depends on its power and how long
the electricity is used for.
electrical energy = power x time
Calculating the units of electricity
= 1 kilowatt hour (kWh)
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Electricity costs money, which is
why every home has an
electricity meter.
The units of electrical energy are
called kilowatt hours (kWh).
How is electricity paid for?
The cost of an electricity bill is calculated from the number
of units used.
The meter records how much
electricity is used in a house in
units of electrical energy.
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The cost of electricity is the number of units of electrical
energy multiplied by the cost per unit.
Example:
How much would 10 units of electricity cost at a price of
9p per unit?
cost = 10 units x 9 p/unit
cost = number of units x cost per unit
How much does electricity cost?
= 90 p
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A kettle uses 45.2 kWh of energy.
If electricity costs 10 p per unit, how
much does it cost to use the kettle?
Number of units:
Cost of electricity:
Buying electricity example
= 45.2 units
number of units of electricity = number of kilowatt hours
= 452 p or 4.52
= 45.2 units x 10 p / unit
cost = number of units x cost per unit
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An iron that operates at a power of 3 kW
for 4 hours uses electricity that costs 8p
per unit. How much does it cost for the
electricity used by the iron in that time?
Number of units:
Cost of electricity:
Buying electricity example
= 12 units
= 12 kWh
= 3 kW x 4 h
number of units of electricity = number of kilowatt hours
= 96p
= 12 units x 8 p / unit
cost = number of units x cost per unit
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Buying electricity calculations
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generator A machine that converts kinetic energy into
electrical energy by induction.
induction Generating a current in a wire by moving the
wire in a magnetic field, or by moving a magnet inside a coil
of wire.
kilowatt hour The unit of electrical energy.
power The rate at which energy is transferred.
watt The unit of power. 1 watt = 1 joule of energy
transferred every second.
Glossary
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz