ENERGY CONSERVING BUILDING DESIGN

A.SET GOAL

. Set an energy performance
goal

. Review case studies that
demonstrate enhanced
energy performance

. Allocate sufficient funds for
an integrated design process
B.ORGANIZE DESIGN TEAM

. Select a multi-disciplinary
team

. Adopt an integrated design
approach

. Educate the project team on
goals, costs, and benefits
C.PRE-DESIGN

. Conduct a comprehensive evaluation
that addresses architecture, energy,
and environmental issues

. Identify synergies between design
concepts and energy use

. Develop scope of work, project
budget, and schedule
D.SCHEMATIC DESIGN

. Analyze the site and building orientation
with energy performance in mind

. Use natural shading features to reduce
cooling load

. Consider daylighting to reduce electrical
lighting requirement and the air-
conditioning load

. Review energy strategies with an energy
expert

. Begin energy analysis of design concepts

. Right-size mechanical systems based on
anticipated performance and loads

. Compare estimated energy use to design
target

. Make adjustments and integrate energy
performance strategies
Basic Design Considerations

Insulation
Ventilation
Zoning
Lighting
Use GUIDELINES ON ENERGY
CONSERVING DESIGNS 0F
BUILDING manual published by
DOE and IIEE as follows :
GUIDELINES FOR ENERGY CONSERVING DESIGN OF BUILDINGS

Sets out the minimum requirements and standards for achieving energy
efficiency in building sectors

1992: The Guidelines was approved by DPWH as a referral code of the
National Building Code; published by DOE in 1993
Referral Codes - the applicable provisions of the
various agency and technical professional codes
that are supplementary to the Code (NBC).

2006: Under DOE-PELMATP Project, IIEE leads the
review/updating; participated by ASHRAE, PSME, PSVARE,
ENMAP, MERALCO, DTI, DPWH & DOE

APRIL 15, 2008 DOE, DILG & DPWH SIGNED THE MOA

BRI EF OVERVI EW
CONTENTS

Section 1. Purpose
Section 2. Scope
Section 3. Lighting
Section 4 Electric Power & Distribution
Section 5. Building Envelope
Section 6. Air Conditioning & Ventilating
Systems
Section 7. Steam & Hot Water Systems
SECTI ON 1 - PURPOSE
To encourage and promote energy conserving design of
buildings and their services to reduce the use of energy with
due regard to the cost effectiveness, building function, and
comfort, health, safety and productivity of the occupants.

To prescribe guidelines and minimum requirements for the
energy conserving design of new buildings and provide
methods for determining compliance with the same to make
them always energy-efficient.

These guidelines are applicable to the design
of new buildings and their systems; and any
expansion and/or modification of buildings/systems.

These guidelines shall not be used to circumvent
any applicable safety, health or environmental
requirements.

Exemptions:
Residential dwelling units; and
Areas with industrial/manufacturing processes.

SECTI ON 2 APPLI CATI ON AND
EXEMPTI ON
SCOPE

Interior spaces of building

Exterior areas of buildings (entrances, exits,
loading docks, parking areas, etc.)

Roads grounds and other exterior areas where
lighting is required and is energized through the
buildings electrical service

SECTI ON 3 - LI GHTI NG
The following are exempted but are encouraged to use
energy-efficient lighting whenever applicable:

Areas for theatrical productions, tv broadcasting, audio-
visual presentation

Specialized luminaires for medical or dental purposes

Outdoor athletic facilities

Display lighting for art exhibits or in galleries, museums
and monuments

Section 3 Lighting

EXEMPTIONS


Special lighting for research lab

Emergency lighting

High-risk security areas

Rooms for elderly/disable
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

In the course of selecting an appropriate indoor illumination
for a space, energy efficiency should be taken into consideration
in addition to other lighting requirements.

This Guideline sets out the minimum requirements for achieving
energy efficient lighting installations in which measure is
generally expressed in terms of :

illumination level
luminous efficacy
lighting power density



Section 3 Lighting

OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
Lighting Controls

Task- oriented lighting

Integrated lighting and air conditioning systems for heat removal
capabilities

Reference to lamps coloring rendering indices

Recommended room surface reflectances

Section 3 Lighting

Efficacy Ranges and Color Rendering
Indices of Various Lamps

Lamp Type Rated Power
Ranges
(watts)
Efficacy Ranges
(lumens per
watt)
Minimum
Color
Rendering
Index
(CRI)
Incandescent Lamp 10 - 100 10 25 100
Compact Fluorescent
Lamp
3 - 125 41 - 65 80
Linear Fluorescent Lamp
halophosphate
triphosphor
10 40
14 - 65
55 - 70
60 - 83
70
80
Mercury Vapor Lamp 50 -2000 40 - 63 20
Metal Halide Lamp Up to 1000 75 - 95 65
Low Pressure Sodium
Lamp
20 -200 100 - 180 0
High Pressure Sodium
Lamp
50 - 250 80 - 130 21
Color Rendering
The general expression for the effect of the light source on the
color appearance of objects in conscious or subconscious
comparison with their color appearance under a reference light
source.


Color Rendering Index (CRI)

The measure of the degree of color shift, which objects undergo
when illuminated by the light source, as compared with color of
those same objects when illuminated by a reference source of
comparable temperature
Lighting Controls



Area > 10 sqm & connected load > 10 W/sqm:

The whole area shall be controlled so that the load for the lights
may be reduced by at least 50% while maintaining a reasonably
uniform level of illuminance throughout the area. This may be
done with the use of dimmers, by dual switching of alternate
lamps, or by switching each luminaire or each lamp.


The number of control points required shall be at least one for
every 1,500 W of connected lighting load
Control Types and Equivalent Number of
Control Points

Type of Control Equivalent Number of
Control Points
Manually operated on-off switch

1
Occupancy Sensor

2
Timer programmable from the space being
controlled

2
3 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set
dimming

2
4 Level step-control (including off) or pre-set
dimming

3
Continuous (Automatic) dimming 3
The highest practical room surface reflectance should be considered in
the lighting design. The use of light finishes will attain the best overall
efficiency of the entire lighting system. Dark surfaces should be
avoided because these absorb light. The recommended room surface
reflectances :
Room Surface Reflectances

Surface % Reflectance
Ceilings 80-92
Walls 40-60
Furnitures 26-44
Floors 21-39
Table 3.1 RECOMMENDED DESIGN ILLUMINANCE LEVELS
______________________________________________________________
Task Min. & Max. Applications
(Lux)
______________________________________________________________
Lighting for 50 - 150 Circulation areas and corridors
infrequently used 100 - 200 Stairs, escalators
areas 100 - 200 Hotel bedrooms, lavatories

Lighting for 200 - 300 Infrequent reading and writing
working interiors 300 - 750 General offices, typing and
computing
300 - 750 Conference rooms
500 - 1000 Deep-plan general offices
500 - 1000 Drawing offices

Localized lighting 500 - 1000 Proofreading
for exacting tasks 750 - 1500 Designing, architecture and
machine engineering
1000 - 2000 Detailed and precise work

*for additional area lighting, please refer to Appendix C of the IIEE-ELI Manual of Practice for Energy Efficient


Section 3 Lighting

MAXIMUM LIGHTING POWER DENSITY
FOR BUILDING INTERIORS
____________________________________________________________________
Lighting Power Density
Area/Activity (W/m2)
____________________________________________________________________

Auditoriums, Churches 8
Food Service
Snack Bars and Cafeteria 14
Leisure/Dining Bar 10
Offices and Banks 21
Retail Stores (*)
Type A (**) 23
Type B (***) 22
Shopping Centers/Malls/Arcades 15
Clubs/Basements/Warehouses/
General Storage Areas 2
Commercial Storage Areas/Halls
Corridors/Closets 4
Schools
Preparatory/Elementary 17
High School 18
Technical/Universities 18
Hospitals/Nursing Homes 16
Hotels/Motels
Lodging rooms/Guest rooms 12
Public Areas 17
Banquet/Exhibit 20

Maximum Values for Lighting Power for
Building Exteriors Building Area/Space Lighting Power

Exits (w/ or w/o canopy) 60 W/Lm of door opening
Entrance (w/o canopy) 90 W/Lm of door opening
Entrance (w/ canopy)
High traffic (e.g., retail,hotel, airport,
theater, etc.) 100 W/m2 of area w/ canopy
Light traffic (e.g.,hospital, office,
school, etc.) 10 W/m2 of area w/ canopy
Loading area 3 W/m2
Loading door 50 W/Lm of door opening

Total power allowance for the exterior
(inclusive of above allowances) of
building perimeter for buildings of up to
5 storey (above ground) plus 6W/Lm of
building perimeter for each additional storey 100 W/Lm


Data of lamps and luminaires
Projected illumination per area/application
Lighting power density
Relevant drawings and plans
COMPILATION OF INFORMATION

Section 3 Lighting

SECTI ON 4 ELECTRI C POWER &
DI STRI BUTI ON
SCOPE

Applies to the energy conservation requirements of
electric motors, transformers and distribution systems
of buildings except those required for emergency
purposes.

ELECTRIC MOTORS

This section shall apply to all permanently wired
squirrel-cage induction type motors of 0.8 kW size and
larger serving the building.

All Motors shall have full load efficiencies not less than
the values specified in the guidelines (Table 4.1)

Motors operating more than 750 hours a year should
be of high-efficiency type.
(High efficiency motors are basically high flux density,
low core loss and low current density motors which
should be employed whenever applicable)

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

The nameplates of these motors shall include not only all the
informations required by the Philippine Electrical Code, Part 1,
but also the rated full load efficiency and full load power factor
as determined by Philippine National Standard [PNS IEC
61972:2005 (IEC published 2002) Methods for Determining
Losses and Efficiency of Three Phase Cage Induction Motors].

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

Table 4.1 MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE FULL LOAD EFFICIENCY
Efficiency (%)
Motor Size Standard High -Efficiency
0.8 kW (1HP) 82.5 85.5
4.0 kW (5HP) 87.5 89.5
8.0 kW (10HP) 89.5 91.7
20.0 kW (25 HP) 92.0 93.6
40.0 kW (50 H) 93.0 94.5
60.0 kW (75HP) 94.1 95.0
80.0 kW (100HP) 94.5 95.4
120.0 kW (150HP) 95.0 95.8

Notes: 1. Source: NEMA Standard MG1-1993 & 1998, Table 12-10

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

Motor Size


Open Drip-Proof Motors


Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled
Motors
RPMs


RPMs

1200


1800


3600


1200


1800


3600

0.8 kW (1HP)

74.0

80.0

82.5

74.0

80.0

82.5

1.2 kW (1.5HP)

84.0

84.0

82.5

85.5

84.0

82.5

1.6 kW (2 HP)

85.5

84.0

84.0

86.5

84.0

84.0

2.4 kW (3 HP)

86.5

86.5

84.0

87.5

87.5

85.5

4.0 kW (5HP)

87.5

87.5

85.5

87.5

87.5

87.5

6.0 kW (7.5 HP)

88.5

88.5

87.5

89.5

89.5

88.5

8.0 kW (10 HP)

90.2

89.5

88.5

89.5

89.5

89.5

12.0 kW (15 HP)

90.2

91.0

89.5

90.2

91.0

90.2

16.0 kW (20 HP)

91.0

91.0

90.2

90.2

91.0

90.2

20.0 kW (25 HP)

91.7

91.7

91.0

91.7

92.4

91.0

24.0 kW (30 HP)

92.4

92.4

91.0

91.7

92.4

91.0

32.0 kW (40 HP)

93.0

93.0

91.7

93.0

93.0

91.7

40.0 kW (50 HP)

93.0

93.0

92.4

93.0

93.0

92.4

48 kW (60 HP)

93.6

93.6

93.0

93.6

93.6

93.0

60 kW (75 HP)

93.6

9.41

93.0

93.6

94.1

93.0

80 kW (100 HP)

94.1

94.1

93.0

94.1

94.5

93.6

100 kW (125 HP)

94.1

94.5

93.6

94.1

94.5

94.5

120 kW (150 HP)

94.5

95.0

93.6

95.0

95.0

94.5

160 kW (200 HP)

94.5

95.0

94.5

95.0

95.0

95.0





TRANSFORMERS

All owner-supplied transformers that are part of the
building electrical system shall have efficiencies not
lower than 98%. The transformer should be tested in
accordance with relevant Philippine National Standards
(PNS) at the test conditions of full load, free of
harmonics and at unity power factor.

Disconnect switches or breakers shall be provided at
the primary (supply) side of transformers to allow
electrical disconnection during no load period.

Transformers located inside a building should have
sufficient ventilation and should have a direct access
from the passageway for ease of maintenance.
Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

TRANSFORMERS

The average power factor of the loads being served by the
transformers at any time should not be less than 85%. In cases where
load power factors are below this value, capacitors or power factor
improving devices shall be provided so that automatic or manual
correction can be made.


Transformer load grouping schemes shall be so designed such that
the transformers is loaded to not less than 75% of its full load ratings
and that no-load circuits or partially loaded circuit combinations
should be minimized as much as possible
POWER DISTRIBUTION

In the calculation of the wire sizes to be used, the
Philippine Electrical Code, Part I has specified the
procedure and the factors to be considered in order to
arrive at the minimum acceptable wire size.

The sum of the operating cost over the economic life of
distribution system should be minimized rather than the
initial cost only. Operating cost shall include but not
limited to maintenance and energy losses.
Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

METERING FOR ENERGY AUDIT

Buildings whose demand designed connected electrical load
is 750 kVA and above shall have the distribution system
designed to include sub-metering facilities. Below 750kVA
may adopt this for better energy monitoring system.

The electrical power feeders/ branch circuits for each facility
of the building for which sub-metering is required should be
subdivided but not limited to the following categories:

Lighting Load
Chillers
Air Handling Units, Unitary Air Conditioning Systems,
etc.
Other Motor Loads (Exhaust Fan, Pumps, etc.)

Section 4 Electrical Power and Distribution

OTHER GOOD PRACTICES

Power quality considerations
(Harmonics, unbalance currents, etc.)

Office Equipment with power management or energy saving
features

Electrical Appliances

Consumers should be encouraged to select and purchase energy
efficient electrical appliances such as refrigerators, airconditioners,
etc., which are under the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
and Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency Program

Demand Side Management (DSM)
SCOPE

This section applies to air-conditioned buildings with a total
cooling load of 175 kW or greater. The requirements and
guidelines of this section cover external walls, roofs and air
leakage through the building envelope.

SECTI ON 5 BUI LDI NG ENVELOPE

Design Criterion for Building Envelope:

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)


The requirement which shall apply only to air-
conditioned buildings is aimed at achieving the
energy conserving design for building envelopes so
as to minimize external heat gain and thereby reduce
the cooling load of the air conditioning system

Section 5 Building Envelope

Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV)

The concept takes into consideration the three basic
elements of heat gain through the external walls
of a building:

heat conduction through opaque walls;

heat conduction through glass windows;

solar radiation through the glass windows.


Maximum permissible OTTV : 45 W/m
2
.

Section 5 Building Envelope

OTTV Formula :

OTTV = (Aw x Uw x TDeq) + (Af x Uf x T) + (Af x SC x SF) /
Ao

Where,
OTTV : overall thermal transfer value (W/m
2
)
Aw : opaque wall area (m
2
)
Uw : thermal transmittance of opaque wall (W/m
2 o
K)
TDeq : equivalent temperature difference (
o
K)
Af : fenestration area (m
2
)
Uf : thermal transmittance of fenestration (W/m
2

o
K)
T : temperature difference between exterior and interior
SC : shading coefficient of fenestration
SF : solar factor (W/m
2
)
Ao : gross area of exterior wall (m
2
)
= Aw + Af


Section 5 Building Envelope

Solar Factor

The Solar Factor for vertical surfaces has been experimentally
determined to be at 130 W/m2. This figure has to be modified by a
correction factor when applied to a particular orientation and also if
the fenestration component is sloped at an angle skyward. For the
purpose of the building regulations, any construction having a slope
angle of more than 70
o
with respect to the horizontal shall be treated
as a wall. For a given orientation and angle of slope, the Solar
Factor is to be calculated from the following formula:

SF = 130 x CF (W/m
2
)



Section 5 Building Envelope

1.00 1.25 1.02 0.74 1.02 1.25 1.00 .72
90
0
1.17 1.42 1.19 0.89 1.19 1.42 1.17 0.87
85
0
1.33 1.59 1.35 1.04 1.35 1.59 1.33 1.03
80
0
1.48 1.75 1.50 1.18 1.50 1.75 1.48 1.17
75
0
1.63 1.89 1.65 1.32 1.65 1.89 1.63 1.32
70
0
NW W SW ES S E NE N
Orient
ation
Slope
Angle
The correction factors for other orientations and other pitch angles can be found
by interpolation.
CORRECTION FACTORS
Section 5 Building Envelope
OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Weatherstripping of Windows and Doors

Enclosed doorways and entrances; self-closing doors
where heavy traffic of people is anticipated

Windows: Max. infiltration rate of 2.8 m
3
/hr per linear meter of
sash crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure differential

Swinging, revolving or sliding doors: Max. infiltration rate of 61.2
m
3
/hr per linear meter of door crack tested at 75 Pa. pressure
differential; if inappropriate, use of air curtains

Section 5 Building Envelope


Units Located at the Perimeter of the Building Envelope

Air-conditioned building where shops are located along the
perimeter of the building envelope, the door openings shall be
located in the interior of the building.

However, where the door opening of the shop is designed to open
to the exterior of the building, then that shop or unit shall have its
own separate air conditioning system independent from the main
or central system

Section 5 Building Envelope

5.4 Roof Insulation and Roof OTTV
1.5 1.2 Over 230 Heavy
1.1 0.8 50 230 Medium
0.8 0.5 Under 50 Light
Non
AirCon
Air Con Weight
Range
(kg/m
2
)
Weight
Group
Maximum Thermal Transmittance
(W/m
2

0
K)
Section 5 Building Envelope
SUBMISSION PROCEDURE

At the time of submission of building plans, the architect or
professional engineer should provide the following information
on building envelope:

Drawings showing the cross sections of typical parts of
the walls, windows & roof construction, details of the
type and thickness of basic construction materials,
insulation and air space;

Calculation of the U-values of the walls & roof assembly

Calculation of OTTVs
Section 5 Building Envelope
SCOPE

The requirements in this Section represent minimum design
criteria. The designer should evaluate other energy
conservation measures which may be applicable to the
proposed building.

SECTI ON 6 AI R CONDI TI ONI NG AND
VENTI LATI NG SYSTEMS

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Load Calculation

Calculation Procedures

Cooling system design loads for the purpose of sizing system and
equipment should be determined in accordance with the
procedures in the latest edition of the ASHRAE Handbook of
Fundamentals or other equivalent publications.

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Indoor Design Conditions

The indoor conditions in an air-conditioned space shall conform to the following:

1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 25C
2. Design Relative Humidity 55%
3. Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature 27C
4. Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature 23C
5. Maximum Relative Humidity 60 %
6. Minimum Relative Humidity 50 %

Note: Indoor design conditions may differ from those presented above because of
special occupancy or process requirement,source control, air contamination or local
regulations.

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Outdoor Design Conditions
The outdoor conditions shall be taken as follows:
1. Design Dry Bulb Temperature 35C
2. Design Wet Bulb Temperature 27C
Sizing
Fan Systems Design Criteria
Pumping System Design Criteria
Air Distribution Criteria
Ventilation
Controls
Insulation
Piping
Air Handling System Design


Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems

Minimum Performance Rating of Various
Air Conditioning System


Air Conditioning Equipment EER kWe/TR

Unitary A/C units
Up to 20 kWr capacity 10.3
21 to 60 kWr capacity 9.8
61 to 120 kWr capacity 9.7
Over 120 kWr capacity 9.5

Scroll chillers (up to 175 kWr)
Air cooled- 1.0
Water cooled- 0.8
Screw chillers (above 245 kWr)
Air cooled- 0.8
Water cooled- 0.65
Centrifugal chillers (up to 14 kWr)
Water cooled- 0.58

Notes: EER = kJ/kWh
kWe/TR = kilowatt electricity per ton of refrigeration
1TR = 3.51685 kWr
6.3 System Design and Sizing

Air conditioning system and equipment shall be sized as close as
possible to the space and system loads calculated in accordance with
Section 6.2. The design of the system and the associated equipment and
controls should take into account important factors such as nature of
application, type of building construction, indoor and outdoor conditions,
internal load patterns, control methods for efficient energy utilization and
economic factors.

Centralized monitoring & controls
Multiple units/incremental capacity

Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
Multiple Units/Incremental Capacity For Chilled Water
Systems

700 KW (200 TR) or less minimum of 2 chiller units.

Above 700 KW to 4218 KW (1200 TR) minimum of 3 chiller
units.

Above 4218 KW to 8787 KW (2500 TR) minimum of 4
chiller units.

Above 8787 KW depends on the good judgment of the
design engineer.


Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
Mechanical Ventilation (Non- A/C Buildings)

Where site conditions dictate that the normal requirements
for natural lighting and ventilation cannot be met, the
building regulations may allow the use of mechanical
ventilation as substitute.

According to the regulations, the quantity of fresh air
supply for mechanical ventilation of any room or space in
a building shall be in accordance with the specified rates



Section 6 Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
SCOPE

This section applies to the energy conserving design of steam
and hot water services in buildings that include but not limited to
hotels, restaurants, hospitals, laundry. The purpose of this
section is to provide the criteria and minimum standards for
energy efficiency in the design and equipment selection that will
provide energy savings when applied to steam and hot water
systems.
SECTI ON 7- STEAM AND HOT WATER
SYSTEMS
System Design and Sizing

Minimum Equipment Efficiency

Minimum performance ratings of steam and
hot water systems equipment Table 7.1.

Hot water temperature

The maximum hot water supply temperatures shall be as
follows:
For washing, etc. 45
0
C
For hot baths 45
0
C
For kitchen use 60
0
C

Controls

Piping Insulation
Section 7 Steam and Hot water Systems
43 W/m
2
Surface Heat Loss (max)
Unfired Storage Tanks (all volumes)
80% boiler eff. @ Part Load Capacity
85% boiler eff. @ Rated Capacity
Shell Boiler (heavy oil fired)
80% boiler eff. @ Part Load Capacity
85% boiler eff. @ Rated Capacity
Shell Boiler (light oil fired)
Minimum Criteria Equipment
Table 7.1 Minimum Performance Ratings of Steam and
Hot Water Systems Equipment

PART II
GUIDE/CHECKLISTS TO ENERGY
EFFICIENT BULDING DESIGN
This guide is aimed at Project
Managers, Architects, Design
Engineers and the other members
of the team involved in the design
and planning of building
projects.
PART 1 - DESIGN FACTORS

Integrated Approach

1.1 The successful introduction of energy
efficient measures in a building
requires close co-operation between the
members of the design team and the client,
with a coherent approach to the design.
Maintenance Engineers must be involved at the
pre-planning stage. This integrated
approach to design should ensure that
sufficient resources are allocated to
realize the design intention. The cost
effectiveness and environmental
benefits of the proposed energy measures should
be demonstrated.
1.2 The design process should bring
together the following elements in an
integrated package: ventilation; daylight
and sunlight; flexibility; occupants
needs; heating; domestic hot water;
solar gains; existing premises. Too often
energy efficiency measures are
top of the list for economies. As a result, the
building will not perform adequately.
Value for money and common-sense
energy efficiency measures should not
be sacrificed.
Occupants and operators

1.3 The design team should always bear in mind
that ultimately it will be up to the users
whether the building performs well in energy
terms. The design team should ensure that
only equipment and controls which are
robust, easy to understand and operate, are
specified. If controls are too complicated
they will be ignored or overridden, with
adverse consequences for energy
efficiency.
1.4 The design team should prepare a User
Manual which provides operational
instructions, maintenance details
(including a schematic diagram of the
heating system and a record of the
correct settings for the controls) and
details of the commissioning carried out.
Clear operating instructions must be
given for the Building/Energy
Management System, windows, light
switches, thermostats, ventilation grilles,
thermostat radiator valves (TRVs) and
any other equipment the occupants have
to use.
Site Features

1.5 Site features can contribute to an energy
efficient building. Existing site
characteristics should be utilized and
where necessary, the buildings immediate
environment should be enhanced. The
solar features of the site should be
examined. This will help to identify
opportunities for solar gains to the proposed
development. Shelter belts can be
introduced to provide protection from the
prevailing wind. Ground finishes can be
selected to control or enhance reflection.
Orientation

1.7 A south-easterly orientation has traditionally
been favoured because it can maximize pre-
heating and reduce summer overheating.
The general rule is that the rooms used
most frequently should face within 30
degrees of due south to take advantage of
solar gains for both heating and
lighting.
Passive Solar Energy

1.8 Careful consideration should be given to the
design and orientation of the building to take
advantage of solar gains and natural
illumination, since solar energy, if properly
utilized, can make a significant contribution
towards reducing a buildings energy
consumption.
1.9 The aim should be to make the maximum
use of daylight and to optimize solar heat
gain while reducing any adverse effects to a
minimum. Obtaining a positive energy
balance for the windows whilst avoiding
overheating is one of the most important
design issues. The heating system must
be responsive enough to adjust to solar
gains.
Location of Services

1.11 The location of boiler houses, plant rooms and
other services should be considered in the
early design stage, taking account of energy
usage, health & safety and possible future
developments.

PART 2 STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

Construction
2.1 Occupancy patterns can vary and the
structural mass of the building should be
matched to the intended use. Usually
thermally light-weight buildings are specified
for intermittent use and heavy-weight
buildings for continuous use. If in doubt,
traditional medium-weight construction
should be used. Excessive thermal mass is
not appropriate in intermittently occupied
zones. The fixing of pinboards/display boards to wall
surfaces will reduce the available thermal mass.
Insulation
2.2 Thermal insulation of the building fabric is a
key element to energy efficiency. The
standards of thermal insulation required by
the DOE MANUAL should be regarded as the absolute
minimum and insulation levels in excess of
these should be readily achievable with
conventional building methods. Attention to
detail here will result in lower running costs
and less capital expenditure on heating
plant. It is essential that the workmanship is
of a high standard and that the insulation is
correctly installed, otherwise the thermal
performance of the building envelope will
be compromised.
2.3 OTTV values should be calculated using the
DOE Manual Thermal
Properties of Building Structures
As standards of thermal
insulation are improved, greater care should
be taken to check that the structure is not
susceptible to harmful interstitial
condensation.
Ventilation
2.4 Designing for natural ventilation must be
considered from the beginning. While the
standards of ventilation referred to the Manual.
While maximum use should be made of
natural ventilation, supplementary
mechanical ventilation may be required in
spaces with high functional heat gains or
areas having a high risk of condensation.
Where mechanical ventilation is necessary,
the benefit of the use of heat recovery
should be considered. This can reduce heat
losses by up to 50%.
2.5 The main method of controlling ventilation in
most buildings is by the opening and closing
of windows. Controls should be robust and
easy to operate. Trickle vents can be a very
effective way of providing controlled natural
ventilation. Care should be taken in the
design of the ventilation system to ensure
that air movement at the occupants level
does not result in discomfort
2.6 In a well insulated building, ventilation heat
losses account for a major part of the
energy consumed, so it is important to
minimize air infiltration through joints in the
external envelope, around door and window
openings and service penetrations. Window
and door seals should be adequate for the
degree of exposure. Appropriately sized
draught lobbies should be provided
wherever possible.
Daylight
2.7 The standards for daylighting as
recommended in the Manual, should be complied
with (ie daylight factors, daylight uniformity
ratios, daylight illumination levels). Natural
light should be the prime means of lighting,
with electric light to supplement it. Windows
should be of a size to provide adequate
daylighting. They should not be oversized
as this increases heat losses in cold season
and solar gains in summer. Vertical glazed
areas should be between 20% and 40%
of the internal elevation of the exterior wall.
Reasonable daylighting can be achieved 6-7
meters from a window.
2.8 Where necessary, overhanging eaves,
external shading or recessed windows on
the south facade should be provided to
avoid excessive solar gains in the summer
(overhanging eaves can, however,
significantly reduce the level of
daylight within the building). The use of light
shelves on larger windows can reduce
contrast and improve daylight distribution.
Roof-lights, particularly in circulation areas,
can reduce electric lighting requirements but
can result in increased heat losses.
Appropriate glazing can reduce these heat
losses to acceptable levels. The security
implications of roof-lights should be
evaluated.
Finishes
2.9 Light coloured internal finishes will make a
significant contribution to reflecting daylight
throughout the building, thus avoiding the
unnecessary use of artificial lighting.

PART 3 - ENERGY TARGET
Values and Standards
3.1 Only energy consumption values
and standards set out in the Guidelines
for Energy Conserving Building Design
published by DOE will be accepted.
Design Energy Targets
3.2 Design energy targeting should be
considered and set at an early stage to
assist in producing an energy efficient
design and to minimize the
running costs of the building. Energy
targets should be used as initial design aids
in situations where the effects of changes in
basic building design concept are being
investigated. They should provide clear
objectives for the designer, to enable
emphasis to be given to the needs of energy
conservation and the best method by which
this can be achieved. The targets should
not be considered as substitutes for detailed
cost in appraisals of the building design
3.3 The Design team must be able to
demonstrate that the agreed energy and
environmental performance targets will be
achievable, while providing evidence that
the services are correctly commissioned.
They should evaluate and state the
estimated annual energy
performance target (Kwh/m2/annum) and
CO2 emissions target (KgCO2/m2/annum)
for each primary energy. The
Project Manager should verify that the
values quoted are in keeping with Building
Specifications and arrange for independent
confirmation of their accuracy after the
building has been commissioned.
PART 4 - MECHANICAL
SERVICES

Thermal Environment
4.1 Temperatures should be in accordance
with Guidelines for Energy Conserving
Building Design, measured at a height of
0.5m above floor level during occupation
when the external temperature is colder.
Boilers and Boiler Efficiency
4.2 Fuel selection and flue gas temperatures
must be considered when specifying boiler
type. High level inlet combustion air louvers
in the boilerhouse take advantage of the
warm air trapped at ceiling height.
4.3 Chimney design is an important factor in
boiler efficiency and in limiting and
controlling emissions into the atmosphere.
Proper drainage from the base of the
chimney with local isolation for periodic
removal of rain water should be
incorporated. Annual maintenance and
cleaning of the chimney assists boiler
efficiency.
4.4 A stainless steel double skin multi-section
flue, matched to the boiler smoke box
diameter, is considered the most effective
method of flue gas dispersal. It can be free
standing self supporting, free standing
structurally supporting, wall supported or
internally supported in an existing brick
chimney. A minimum boiler flue angle
(rake) of 45o from boiler to vertical stack
should be provided. Test points are
required for flue gas sampling, balancing
and establishing correct smoke
test/CO2/SO2 percentages. Excess air
(cold flame) burning leads to unnecessary
heating and further reduces heat transfer
time. This contributes to poor efficiency.
4.5 Sectional boilers in cast iron or mild steel
are generally the accepted form of
construction. Oil fired condensing boilers
are acceptable but are more suitable when
firing natural gas or LPG fuels. Condensing
Economisers or heat exchangers are more
widely accepted in stainless steel, as they
are smaller. Pre-heated return water going
to the boiler from the heat exchanger can
achieve up to 10% overall improvement on
efficiency. On large boiler installations, the
secondary heat exchanger should be
positioned after a flue gas
desulphurisation process.
4.6 The installation of a single large boiler may
not always be the best solution, especially
when operating at low demand without a
shunt pump. Where space is available,
modular boilers have the advantage of
multiple turn-down stages, allowing
individual units to operate close to their
maximum efficiency at all times. Cascade
sequencing, a short circuit prevention valve
system, reduces heat loss potential in a well
designed system. A full financial
assessment is required to determine the
ideal modular boiler set for a particular
installation.
Chemical Treatment
4.7 Chemical treatment in Low Pressure Hot
Water (LPHW) heating systems is
mandatory . Chemical agents such as
Inhibitors to help control corrosion scale
and microbiological growth, Non-acid De-
scaler for elimination of lime scale,
Cleansing Agent for removal of excess flux
residues, grease oily contaminants and
sludge, all contribute to the efficiency of
boiler and plant. All pipework and shower
heads should be sterilised by chlorination in
order to minimise the risk of legionella.
Heating Design
4.8 LPHW heating systems, with feed
and expansion tank, are preferred. The
use of other systems, for example
pressurised heating systems, can be an
option but should be justified. A
combination of condensing and
conventional boilers is a recognised
possibility in plant room arrangements
4.9 The two pipe reverse return system provides
common resistance when balancing equal
index circuits. Fan assisted
convectors have a high maintenance cost,
due to clogged finned coils and noisy fan
units. This should be costed in the
Appraisal when deciding on the type of
system to be used.
4.10 The system should be zoned and controlled
appropriately to take account of differing
functions, different operating hours for
different departments and orientation.

4.15 When detailing the specification for
automatic control systems, the following
should be taken into account:
i. the output to the system is provided
from two or more plant items,
sequence selection facilities should be
provided to alter lead/lag functions and
to even out plant wear;
ii. turn down burner facilities, whether
high/low on/off, or modulating by
variable speed using frequency
inverters, are desirable;
iii. multiple motor starter control panels
having duty and standby motor
starters should be sectionalised, with
duty starters in a separate
compartment from standby starters
and each section provided with a
compartment isolator;
iv. all control valves should be capable of
being locally isolated for maintenance
purposes;
v. control panels should incorporate run
and trip indicator lights with manual,
auto and off, switches for plant
motors;
vi. control functions should be in
accordance with the requirements of
individual sections (eg optimum
start/stop, flow temperature weather
compensation, flow interlocks, run-on
timers etc);
vii. optimum Start/Stop controls should be
incorporated on a central basis.
Controls should be programmable and
enable day extension, day(s) omit
(holidays and weekend) night set-back
and frost protection override facilities;
and
viii. all control panels should be coded and
a suitable description should be
provided for use/information of
maintenance/premises staff.
Building/Energy Management
Systems (BMS/EMS)

4.16 An Energy Management System
(EMS), or in some circumstances, a
Building Management System (BMS),
should be included in all designs.
4.17 The Clients agreement to and
understanding of the BMS/EMS should be
obtained prior to incorporation into the
works. A BMS should be installed where it
is economically viable and practicable to
have all services within a building monitored
and controlled. It should be arranged to
undertake all controls, status and condition
monitoring, alarm signaling and reporting,
plant operating and switching functions and
should include maintenance and inventory
scheduling and life safety/security
monitoring.
4.18 The BMS should comprise one or more
intelligent stand alone type outstations,
located in positions to suit the layout of the
services to which they are connected. The
outstations should be linked to a central
processor unit. A colour monitor and printer
should be included.
4.19 When detailing the specification for the
BMS/EMS, the following should be
implemented:
i. it should have some spare capacity
both in the out stations and in the
central processor to allow subsequent
enhancements;
ii. it should be capable of stand alone
and remote monitoring/control
operation;
iii. the design must ensure
electromagnetic compatibility with
other electronic systems or devices in
the building;
iv. it should not prevent manual
overriding control of any item of plant
or equipment;
v. it should be capable of logging
performance data;
vi. all safety devices and interlocks
should be hardwired;
viii. it must be fully commissioned and left
in complete working order without the
need for further software input; and
ix. the supplier should provide, as part of
the contract, a minimum training
period to enable users to become
familiar with the operation of the
system prior to hand-over.
Ventilation

4.20 A naturally ventilated building is preferred to
one relying on mechanical ventilation. In
mechanically ventilated areas, design
should not attempt to achieve conditions
significantly better than those which would
have resulted had natural ventilation been
an accepted solution.
4.21 Consideration should be given to the
installation of mixed mode systems,
whereby natural ventilation is relied upon for
the majority of the year, reverting to the
operation of mechanical systems only when
internal or external temperatures reach a
predetermined maximum. The infiltration
(natural ventilation) rate should be
assessed, assuming windows will be closed
in the unoccupied
period.
Smoking Policy

4.22 The Consultant should seek advice
from the client regarding the policy to be
adopted on smoking, since this will
influence a number of design parameters.
PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES

General
5.1 Electricity usage represents about
95% of all energy consumption in a building,
it may account for up to 5% of the
expenditure on all energy fuels. It is
important, therefore, to fine tune the load to
the building to meet known demand and to
consider in some detail the electric
consuming equipment within the building.
Lighting 5.2 The lighting installation should
be designed using levels of intensity and
glare as specified in the manual. Each
room should be carefully designed on its
own merits for lighting layout with luminaries
parallel to windows. The most
advantageous local switching arrangements
with separate controls should be considered
and the control range should be from 100%
to 5%. The range of different sizes and
types of lamps should be limited to reduce
replacement and maintenance costs.
5.3 The following types of luminaries and
controls should be installed:
i. luminaries with electronic ballast
high frequency or low loss gear with
automatic daylight sensors for dimming, if
appropriate;
ii. movement or sound
presence/absence detectors with time
delay facilities. Detectors should dim
luminaries to 5% where rooms are not
occupied for short periods;
iii. CFL and T5 fluorescent luminaries,
instead of spotlights and tungsten wall
washer type fittings; and
iv. low energy discharge flood lights for
outside and for security lighting.
Outside and security lighting should be
controlled by photocells and time
switches with hand/off/auto facilities.

ix. low power consuming equipment
should be specified where practicable.
Automatic shutdown facilities should
be incorporated into items such as
computers and photopcopiers.
PART 6 - WATER USAGE
6.1 The control of water consumption can be
achieved by installing push-button taps on
showers, economisers on urinals, restrictors
on hot/cold taps and by ensuring that the
water supply to the site is appropriately
sized. Water meters with a capability for
remote monitoring should be installed for
each facility.
DESIGN CHECKLIST
PART 1 - DESIGN FACTORS

1. Windows shaded, where necessary to reduce solar gains.
2. Glazed area optimized for natural daylighting and solar gain.
3. Landscaping.
PART 2 STRUCTURAL MATERIAL

1. Structural mass of the building matched to the intended use.
2. Thermal bridges taken account of in OTTV value calculations.
3. Thermal insulation standards exceed Building Regulations requirements.
4. Design checked for avoidance of harmful condensation.
5. Structural air leakage (air infiltration) minimized.
6. Window and door seals are suitable for the degree of exposure.
7. Maximum use made of natural daylighting.
8. Double glazed units specified.
9. Light coloured internal finishes are specified.
PART 3 - ENERGY TARGETS

- Values and Standards
- Design Energy Targets

PART 4 - MECHANICAL SERVICES
Heating and Hot Water

1. Cost effective heating plant selected to meet the design heating load
and working near peak output.
2. Time, temperature and zone controls specified to effectively meet user needs.
3. Separate heating installations are provided to meet seasonal loads.
4. Length of service runs minimized.
Energy Management Controls

1. Utility meters are specified on the oil, electricity and water supplies.
2. Power factor correction equipment is specified on the electrical services.
3. Electricity meters specified are capable of registering 30 min demands.
4. For control, monitoring and maintenance purposes a Building Management
Systems (BMS)/Energy Management Systems (EMS) has been specified.
Ventilation

1. Maximum use made of natural ventilation.
2. Ventilation levels complied with.
3. Plan layout takes account of the movement of moist air.
4. Robust and finely controllable window furniture specified.
5. Free cooling is used to minimise the need for air conditioning.
6. Minimum use made of mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning.
7. Heat recovery or cool air recovery specified.
PART 5 - ELECTRICAL SERVICES
Lighting

1. High efficiency lamps are specified for all suitable areas.
2. Lighting is switched to minimize use and provide flexibility of use.
3. Daylighting controls are specified for suitable areas.
4. Occupancy sensing controls are specified for intermittently used areas.
5. Feature lighting and inefficient lamp types are not specified.
Power

1. Load balanced over 3 phases.
2. High efficiency, variable speed, 2 speed motors and pumps
are specified
3. Automatic controls for electrical heating are specified and
time controls can be programmed.
4. Shutdown facilities provided in areas where large numbers
of Equipment provided.
THANK YOU