Cytoplasmic organelles

A- Membranous organelles
(:The plasma (cell) membrane (plasmalemma- 1
It is very difficult to seen by light microscope (80-100 Angstrom).
By using electron microscope, it shows three layers model

Dark layer

Light layer

Dark layer

Three layers (trilaminar) model;

 Cytoplasmic organelles
A- Membranous organelles
(:The plasma (cell) membrane (plasmalemma- 1
It is very difficult to seen by light microscope (80-100 Angstrom).
By using electron microscope, it shows three layers model
Dark layer

Minute pores are present in the Light layer

cell membrane which are Dark layer
electrically charged
Three layers (trilaminar) model;

Minute pores are present in the cell membrane which are

electrically charged
 Molecular structure of cell membrane:
It is made of
1) Lipid component:

i- Phosopholipid molecules:
a- Heads:
(phosphate groups) (hydrophilic) (polar) (charged).
b- Tails:
(fatty acids) (hydrophobic) (non-polar) (non-charged). Dark
layer
Cytoplasm
Phosphate
polar
heads Light
Fatty layer
acids non-
Dark
polar tails
layer

Exracellular (intercellular) fluid

 Phospholipid bilayer →(Trilamellar membrane)
Hydrophillic heads (phosphate groups)
Extracellular fluid (polar)
Hydrophobic tails
(fatty acid tails)
(non-polar)

Bilipid
layer
Phospholipid
Cytoplasm

So, phospholipids are arranged into two layers i.e. form a bilipid layer.
Bilipid layer is arranged in trilamellar structure (dark, light and dark layers).
 Molecular structure of cell membrane (continue):
ii- Cholesterol molecules:
a- Hydroxyl radicals: (hydrophilic).
b- Steroid nuclei: (hydrophobic).
Note: Cholesterol is found in the hydrophobic tails of phospholipid
especially to the inner cytoplasmic ones.
2) Protein component:
i- : Integral (intrinsic) protein:
a- Small molecules: embedded in the lipid bi-layer.
b- Large molecules: in the center & extended from both
surfaces.
ii- Peripheral (extrinsic) protein: loosely attached to both
outer and inner surfaces of the cell membrane.
Protein component

Small
Small molecule
molecul
e
Large
large molecule

molecule
 Molecular structure of cell membrane (continue):

3) Carbohydrate component:
It is polysaccharides. It may be attached to:
i- : Protein forming glycoproteins.
ii- Phospholipid forming glycolipids.
Both glycoproteins & glycolipids are called glycocalyx (cell coat).
The following structure of plasma membrane form what is known
as:
fluid-mosaic model
which states that
membrane is phospholipid bilayer with protein molecules
partially or wholly embedded.
The following diagrams represent this model.
 Plasma (cell) membrane
Extracellular
)fluid mosaic model( fluid
glycoprotein lipid
carbohydrate protein s
glycolipid
cholesterol
phospholipid

filaments of cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
Functions of the protein in the plasma
membrane:
1) Acts as channels and carriers for selective
transport.
2) Acts as enzymes.
3) Acts as receptors
4) Acts as markers (cell identification markers):
It allows body cells to distinguish its cells from
the foreign ones.
5) Acts for cell adhesion:
Protein molecules at the surfaces of the cell serve
to bind them together or may be used for
attachment with the cytoskeleton inside cells
themselves.
Functions of plasma membrane proteins

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