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Chemical substances which ionises in

water to produce hydrogen ions, H


+
E.g : hydrogen chloride , HCl

H
+
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ Cl
-
HCl dissolve in water and ionises to
produce a hydroxonium ion, H
3
O
+
Proton donor
Monoprotic (1 mol produce 1 mol H
+
)
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
Diprotic ( 1 mol produce 2 mol H
+
)
H
2
SO
4
2 H
+
+ SO
4
2-
Triprotic (1 mol produce 3 mol H
+
)
H
3
PO
4
3 H
+
+ PO
4

3-
Chemical substance which ionise
in water to produce hydroxide
ions, OH
-
Proton receiver
All oxide and hydroxide metals
are bases
Bases dissolve in water (alkalis),
but not all the bases can dissolve.
Example : PbO

Example of alkalis :
a) Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
b) Potassium hydroxide, KOH
c) Ammonia solution, NH
3



NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
Carbonic acid-

-contain ethanoic acid,
uses as food preservation
Sulphuric acid-electrolyte in
Hydrochloric acid-remove rust

- contain lactic acid
-contain sodium hydroxide

- contain magnesium
hydroxide
Gastric pills-contain aluminium
hydroxide
Ammonia solution-make fertilisers,
prevent solidification of latex
Calcium hydroxide-use to make
cement
Anhydrous acid does not show acidic
properties because acid exist as neutral
covalent molecules and do not
dissociate to form H
+
When a pure acid dissolve in water, it
show the properties of acid
This is because acid will dissociate in
water to form H
+
or H
3
O
+
which are free
to move
Dry base does not show alkaline
properties because it contains OH
-
, that
are not free to move. Thus, the alkaline
properties cannot be shown.
In the presence of water, bases can
dissociate in water to form OH
-
, which
are free to move. Thus, alkaline
properties are shown.
Other solvent cannot replace water
Tastes sour
Corrosive
Turn blue litmus paper to red
Has a pH value of below 7
Acid + bases salt + H
2
O
Acid + metal salt + H
2

acid + carbonate salt + H
2
O + CO
2

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

CaCO
3
+ 2 HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Example :
Tastes bitter and feels smooth
Corrosive
Turn red litmus paper to blue
Has a pH value of above 7
Alkali + bases salt + H
2
O
Alkali + metal ion precipitate of insoluble
metal hydroxide
alkali + ammonium salt salt + H
2
O + NH
3

KOH + HNO
3
KNO
3
+ H
2
O
NaOH + NH
4
Cl NaCl + H
2
O + NH
3
Metal hydroxide insoluble in water
Example :
To measure how acidic/alkaline in
solution is
Used to indicate
the degree of
acidity/alkalinity
of solution
Range 0-14
0-6 : acid
7: neutral
8-14 : alkali



Strong acid- ionises completely in water to
form H
+


example : HCl
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

Weak acid-ionises partially in water to form H
+

Incomplete ionisation indicated by reversible
sign

example : CH
3
COOH (ethanoic acid)


Strong alkali- ionises completely in water to
form OH
-

example : NaOH
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-

Weak alkali-ionises partially in water to form
OH
-

Incomplete ionisation indicated by
reversible sign

example : NH
3


Two units used in the conc. of a
solution :
a) g dm
-3
b) mol dm
-3
(molarity)
Molarity unit of conc. that shows
the number of moles of a solute
that dissolves in 1 dm
3
of solution.


Number of mole, n = MV/1000

Molarity, M = number of mole/ volume (dm
3
)

So unit for M , mol dm
-3
the higher molarity of acidic
solution, the lower pH value.
The higher molarity of alkaline
solution, the higher pH value.

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