H + + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - HCl dissolve in water and ionises to produce a hydroxonium ion, H 3 O + Proton donor Monoprotic (1 mol produce 1 mol H + ) HCl H + + Cl - Diprotic ( 1 mol produce 2 mol H + ) H 2 SO 4 2 H + + SO 4 2- Triprotic (1 mol produce 3 mol H + ) H 3 PO 4 3 H + + PO 4
3- Chemical substance which ionise in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH - Proton receiver All oxide and hydroxide metals are bases Bases dissolve in water (alkalis), but not all the bases can dissolve. Example : PbO
Example of alkalis : a) Sodium hydroxide, NaOH b) Potassium hydroxide, KOH c) Ammonia solution, NH 3
NaOH Na + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - Carbonic acid-
-contain ethanoic acid, uses as food preservation Sulphuric acid-electrolyte in Hydrochloric acid-remove rust
- contain lactic acid -contain sodium hydroxide
- contain magnesium hydroxide Gastric pills-contain aluminium hydroxide Ammonia solution-make fertilisers, prevent solidification of latex Calcium hydroxide-use to make cement Anhydrous acid does not show acidic properties because acid exist as neutral covalent molecules and do not dissociate to form H + When a pure acid dissolve in water, it show the properties of acid This is because acid will dissociate in water to form H + or H 3 O + which are free to move Dry base does not show alkaline properties because it contains OH - , that are not free to move. Thus, the alkaline properties cannot be shown. In the presence of water, bases can dissociate in water to form OH - , which are free to move. Thus, alkaline properties are shown. Other solvent cannot replace water Tastes sour Corrosive Turn blue litmus paper to red Has a pH value of below 7 Acid + bases salt + H 2 O Acid + metal salt + H 2
acid + carbonate salt + H 2 O + CO 2
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2 O Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2
CaCO 3 + 2 HCl CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2
Example : Tastes bitter and feels smooth Corrosive Turn red litmus paper to blue Has a pH value of above 7 Alkali + bases salt + H 2 O Alkali + metal ion precipitate of insoluble metal hydroxide alkali + ammonium salt salt + H 2 O + NH 3
KOH + HNO 3 KNO 3 + H 2 O NaOH + NH 4 Cl NaCl + H 2 O + NH 3 Metal hydroxide insoluble in water Example : To measure how acidic/alkaline in solution is Used to indicate the degree of acidity/alkalinity of solution Range 0-14 0-6 : acid 7: neutral 8-14 : alkali
Strong acid- ionises completely in water to form H +
example : HCl HCl H + + Cl -
Weak acid-ionises partially in water to form H +
Incomplete ionisation indicated by reversible sign
example : CH 3 COOH (ethanoic acid)
Strong alkali- ionises completely in water to form OH -
example : NaOH NaOH Na + + OH -
Weak alkali-ionises partially in water to form OH -
Incomplete ionisation indicated by reversible sign
example : NH 3
Two units used in the conc. of a solution : a) g dm -3 b) mol dm -3 (molarity) Molarity unit of conc. that shows the number of moles of a solute that dissolves in 1 dm 3 of solution.
Number of mole, n = MV/1000
Molarity, M = number of mole/ volume (dm 3 )
So unit for M , mol dm -3 the higher molarity of acidic solution, the lower pH value. The higher molarity of alkaline solution, the higher pH value.
Answer: (D) Propyne Explanation: The C - C Bond Length 1.54 Å, C C Bond Length 1.34 Å and C C Bond Length 1.20 Å. Since Propyne Has A Triple Bond, Therefore It Has Minimum Bond Length