1 Nokia Siemens Networks

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Primary colours: Supporting colours:
SC-FDMA
LTE Air Interface Course
3 Nokia Siemens Networks
OFDM vs. SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
SC-FDMA Principles
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation



SC-FDMA
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OFDM Benefits and Challenges
OFDM benefits:
Good performance in frequency selective fading channels.
Low complexity of base-band receiver.
Good spectral properties and handling of multiple bandwidths.
Link adaptation and frequency domain scheduling.
Compatibility with advanced receiver and antenna technologies.
OFDM Challenges
Tolerance to frequency offset.
The high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitter
signal. It requires transmitter with linear response in a large range.
Those high linear response amplifier have a low power conversion
efficiency and therefore they are not ideal for Mobile Stations. In LTE
the problem was solved by adopting SC-FDMA for Uplink, which has
better power amplifier efficiency.
5 Nokia Siemens Networks
The transmitted power is the sum of the
powers of all the subcarriers

Due to large number of subcarriers,
the peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) tends to have a large range
The higher the peaks, the greater the
range of power levels over which the
transmitter is required to work.
Not best suited for use with mobile (
battery-powered) devices

Solution?
-> see next slide
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM
6 Nokia Siemens Networks
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access:
Transmission technique used for Uplink
Variant of OFDM that reduces the PAPR:
Combines the PAR of single-carrier system with the
multipath resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency
allocation offered by OFDM.
It can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to
OFDMA
TS36.201 and TS36.211 provide the mathematical
description of the time domain representation of an SC-
FDMA symbol.
Reduced PAPR means lower RF hardware
requirements ( power amplifier)
SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD
modes
S
C
-
F
D
M
A

O
F
D
M
A

SC-FDMA in UL
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SC-FDMA
OFDM vs. SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
SC-FDMA Principles
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation



8 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers
SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
In the example:
OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per OFDMA
symbol, one on each subcarrier
SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using all
subcarriers per modulation symbol. The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6
th
of
the modulation symbol in OFDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
9 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison

OFDM Transmission
SC-FDMA Transmission
Difference in transmission: for SC-FDMA there is an extra block on the
transmission chain: the FFT (or DFT = Discrete Fourier Transform) block
which should spread the input modulation symbols over all the allocated
subcarriers
FFT or DFT (Discrete
Fourier Transform)
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SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
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SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
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OFDM: power and amplitude SC-FDMA: power and amplitude
Lower PAPR for
the SC-FDMA
12 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison Overview

The same Variable Bandwidth
BW = 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz

The same subcarrier spacing
f = 15KHz

The same symbol duration
Tsymbol = 66,7s

The same Cyclic Prefix length
Normal CP = 4.69/5.12sec
Extended CP = 16.67sec

The same TTI = 1ms

The same frame format

Could be used for FDD and TDD




OFDMA transmits several
modulation symbols in parallel
SC-FDMA transmits only one
single modulation symbol at a time


SC-FDMA is having an extra
block on the transmission chain to
spread the modulation symbols
over all the subcarriers


SC-FDMA is having a lower
PAPAR = Peak to Average Power
Ratio than OFDMA


SC-FDMA and OFDMA
Commonalities
SC-FDMA and OFDMA
differences
13 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA
OFDM vs. SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
SC-FDMA Principles
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation



14 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Principles

1. PAPR is the same as that used for the input modulation symbols
This could be achieved by transmitting N
modulation symbols in series at N times the rate.
So that looking in time domain only one
modulation symbol is transmitted at a time.
One can see that the SC-FDMA symbol which is
having 67s is containing N sub-symbols.
N = 6 in the example shown
2. The number of subcarriers which could be allocated for transmission
should be multiple of 2,3 and/or 5
This limitation is imposed by the input of the FFT (DFT) block
which is before the IFFT. This enables efficient implementation of
the FFT.
Note that also the number of Resource Blocks should be multiple
of 2,3 or/and 5
15 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Principles

3. The FFT (DFT) output size is always smaller than the IFFT input size
FFT
(DFT)
IFFT

.
.
.
Subcarriers allocated
for one UE
Subcarriers
allocated to other
users or set to
zero
This is because a typical cells uplink capacity will be
greater than 180kHz (12 subcarriers), meaning that
more than one UL channel will be available. Other
UEs will be assigned other groups of subcarriers to
use across the uplink channel bandwidth. No two UEs
will be assigned the same 180kHz block to use
simultaneously.
As not all sub-carriers are used by the mobile station,
many of them are set to zero in the diagram, if they
are not used by other users

Note that if the output size of the FFT is equal to the
size of the IFFT input then the overall effect is null
since the two operations (FFT and IFFT are
complementary)
16 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Principles

4. Adjusting the data rate in SC-FDMA
Halved SC-FDMA
sub-symbol
duration
Initial
bandwidth
SC-FDMA
sub-symbol
duration
Doubled
bandwidth
If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation
symbols (when data rate is doubled the resource allocation in the frequency domain is
also doubled). The individual transmission is now shorter in time but wider in the
frequency domain. For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and
the sub-symbol duration is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA is still 67 s
In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double
data rate
Double
the data
rate
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
SC-FDMA
symbol 67s
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SC-FDMA
OFDM vs. SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
SC-FDMA Principles
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation



18 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Transmitter

S
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r

M
a
p
p
i
n
g

K
-
t
o
-
N

IFFT
s
0

s
1

s
N-1

g
1
DFT
(FFT)
g
2
g
K-1
.
.
.
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

D
o
m
a
i
n

Modulation
Mapper
d
0

Modulation
Mapper
d
1

Modulation
Mapper
d
K-1

b
10 ,
b
11
,

Bit
Distrib.
b
20 ,
b
21
,

b
K-1 0

Binary
Coded
Data
.
.
.
T
i
m
e

D
o
m
a
i
n

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

D
o
m
a
i
n

.
.
.
U
p
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n

C
P
/
G
u
a
r
d

G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

Modulation
g
0

g
1

g
2

g
K-1

s
0

s
a

s
a+1

s
N-1

.
.
.
s
a+2

s
a+x




d
0
d
1
d
2


d
K-1

DFT
19 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA
OFDM vs. SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA and OFDMA Comparison
SC-FDMA Principles
SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation



20 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Transmitter Simulation
The same assumptions as for the OFDM transmission simulation are
considered (see chapter 3 for more details)

The same data is generated like in the Downlink

The major difference in the UL is the presence of the DFT = Discrete
Fourier Transform Block

Another difference is the considered scenario:
Scenario : 1200 subcarriers transmitted from 3 terminals (each terminal is
having equal allocation i.e. 400 subcarriers)




21 Nokia Siemens Networks
QPSK Modulation
Discrete Fourier Transform
Unlike OFDM
modulation, this time we
can look at the QPSK
modulated symbol
succession as being a
time series !
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DFT output frequency domain
DFT
Time
Domain
g
0
, g
1
, , g
k-1

Frequency
Domain
d
0
, d
1
, , d
k-1

DFT transform the time series (the modulation
symbols input) into frequency domain symbols
sequence.
One can see that the data symbols are
transmitted serially. The SC-FDMA symbol
contains 400 sub-symbols for each terminal.
For simplicity only the first 40 symbols are
shown
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DFT Output
Spectrum Reprezentation

Terminal 1
Terminal 2
Terminal 3
The spectrum shows how one
modulation symbol is spread over
the bandwidth
Each modulation symbol is
spread over the entire
40015KHz=6MHz bandwidth
available for each terminal
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Subcarriers Mapping & IFFT
Subcarrier Mapping & IFFT =
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
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Subcarriers Mapping
Could be achieved by inserting zeros among the output of the DFT

The zero padded DFT output is mapped to the number of subcarriers (IFFT
size)

The position of zeros should determine to which subcarriers the data is
mapped
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Subcarrier Mapping

Terminal 1 transmits in
the 0-6 MHz range
Terminal 2 has been allocated for the
next 400 subcarriers, hence it transmits
in the 6-12 MHz range
Terminal 3 is scheduled in the last
available 400 subcarriers, therefore it
transmits in 12-18MHz range
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IFFT Output Time Domain Representation

IFFT
Time
Domain
x
0
, x
1
, , x
N-1

The PAR is the same as
that used for the original
modulation symbols
because of serial
transmission
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Subcarriers Mapping
Up - Conversion
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Up-conversion

Time
domain
Frequency
domain
30 Nokia Siemens Networks
SC-FDMA Simulation Overview